Bibliography: #Q5UGSSVA

key	Q5UGSSVA
title	Yeni Dinî Hareketlerde Kadının Rolü : Bir Aktivist, Reformist ve Şair Olarak Kurretü’l-Ayn’ın Bahâîlikteki Yeri = The Role of Women in New Religious Movements : The Place of Qurratu’l-Ayn in Baha’i as an Activist, Reformist and Poet
author	İpek, Yasin
authority control	Yasin Ipek
item type	Journal article
publication year	2024
date	2024-06
publication title	Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi = Journal of Theology Faculty of Bulent Ecevit University
abstract note	"Believing in and being attached to something is not among the essential needs of human material existence, but it is perhaps the first among the spiritual needs. This kind of belief and the practices that emerged afterwards led to the emergence of the phenomenon of religion, even if their names and contents are different. The classification of primitive tribal religions, national religions and universal religions made by those working in the field of history of religions has been given a different perspective by Muslim intellectuals as divine and non-divine or true and false religions. The great differences of opinion on religious issues that emerged in the Christian world in the sixteenth century and the resulting demands for religious reform led to the emergence of different religious groups that broke away from the main body towards the end of the eighteenth century. These formations, which were initially called sects or cults were called New Religious Movements from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards and began to take on a systematic structure. Women who do not find much place for themselves in other religious formations, or even who are allegedly in an incapacitated position in front of men, have started to take a more effective role in society with these new religious movements, and have even been put in a leading position. These religious structures, which claim to redefine the role of women in society by criticizing the way past and current religions look at women, have managed to rapidly increase both their area of spread and the number of believers in a short time. Baha’i, whose foundations were laid in the Iranian geography in the middle of the nineteenth century, is one of the examples of the Islamic origin of these new religious movements. The appearance of Mirza Ali Muhammad, nicknamed Bab, claiming to be the Savior whose arrival was expected by those belonging to the Shiite faith, is the beginning of Babism. The Bab, who gathered a large number of people around him in a short time, caused great unrest in the State of Qajar with his rhetoric and behavior. He was imprisoned after he persisted in his erroneous claims and his followers disturbed the peace of the society with the incidents they caused. Deprived of its leader, the members of this religious group began to look for new people to lead them. One of these pioneers was a woman named Qurratu’l-Ayn, whose real name was Fatima and who would later be known by many different nicknames. Fatima began to question the society and religion she belonged to with a fearless and critical perspective, and was subjected to great pressure and insults by her family and others in the society. Her courageous attitude attracted the attention of the Babis, among whom she had recently joined, and even their imprisoned leader, the Bab. Fatima, who was given the nickname Qurratu’lAyn by her teacher Sayyid Kazim, who guided her in religious matters, soon gained a respected position within the Babi community. During this period, she started an intensive activity for the liberation of her leader who was imprisoned in prison and to prevent the Babi community from being left unattended. Mirza Husayn Ali, nicknamed Bahá’u’lláh, whom she met during this period but never met face to face, and Mirza Husayn Ali, nicknamed Bahá’u’lláh, developed a deep affection for each other. Her words and actions, especially during a meeting in 1848 in a place called Bedesht, were a turning point in Fatima’s life. Although she was ostracized by some of the Babis for her ideas that the Islamic Sharia had ended and that a new Sharia was necessary, and even caused them to question their beliefs, she managed to attract the attention of many people, especially Baha’u’llah. Her reputation spread rapidly in Iran, which had a conservative social structure, and he also attracted the attention of state authorities. When she responded negatively to the demand that he renounce her ideas and behavior and declare it publicly, it was decided to keep her custody. As she did not back down and continued her activities even during this period, she was sentenced to death and killed. Qurat al-Ayn, who passed away at a young age, did and said many things on religious, political and cultural issues in this short period of time, which made him known not only in Iranian society but also in many different parts of the world. Even if not during her lifetime, in the period after her death, she tried to convey all her ideas to people with her innovative and different perspective on religious issues, with her ideas that women, who were ignored in society, should be given the value they deserve and should be equal to men, sometimes in a square, sometimes in an assembly, and sometimes with the poems she wrote against the practices that she thought were wrong in society and needed to be changed. Although many works have been written about her life, ideas and poems, especially in the West, there have not been many studies on Qurat al-'Ayn in our country. In these few studies, the subject has been approached ideologically and presented by some as an enemy of Islam, an unchaste woman, and by others as a brave person of cause who went to her death without blinking an eye for her beliefs and thoughts. In this study, we will try to convey the role of women in Baha’ism, which emerged as an Islamic-referenced form of belief within the New Religious Movements and claimed to be the last divine religion by its members, with the example of Qurratu’lAyn. Unlike the existing studies that have been conducted in our country so far, we will try to examine the subject as it is expressed in the sources we have obtained as a result of the literature review, away from our prejudices, adhering to the principle of objectivity, one of the most important methods of the history of religions."
pages	117-136
issue	1
volume	11
language	Turkish
manual tags	WOMEN; CONTROVERSIAL; ANTI-BAHA'I; TAHIRIH

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