- 1902-11-28 —
Construction began on the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár of `Ishqábád with the laying of its cornerstone. [BFA2:116-17; YSxvii]
- BBRXXX says this was 12 December. The discrepancy may lie in the use of two different calendars.
- The foundation stone was laid in the presence of General Subotich, governor-general of Turkistan. [BFA2:116–17; GPB300; see discussion of Krupatkin vs Subotich in The City of Love:
Ishqábád and the Institution of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár by Bruce Whitmore] Also see BBR442-443 for the account of a Russian official, A D Kalmykov who says it was General Subotich.
- `Abdu'l-Bahá commissioned Hájí Mírzá Muhammad-Taqí, the Vakílu'd-Dawlih, son of Hájí Siyyid Muhammad, the uncle of the Báb for whom Bahá'u'lláh had revealed The Kitáb-i-Íqán, to be in charge of the project. He largely paid for it. [AB109]
- `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself delineated the general design and a Russian architect, Volkov, planned and executed the details of the construction. [AB109–10; Universal House of Justice 20 June 1991 para 8]
- A meeting hall and some of its dependencies had been built before 1900.
- The dependencies included two Bahá'í schools, a travellers' hostel, a medical dispensary and Hazíratu'l-Quds. [BBD122; BBR442; BBRSM:91]
- For a Western account of this see BBR442–3.
- See jacket of BBR for a photograph of work on the Temple.
- See the message of the Universal House of Justice dated 1 August, 2014 for more on the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár in `Ishqábád.
Specifics
Location: In the heart of the city of `Ishqábád
Foundation Stone: Late 1902 by General Subotich, the governor-general of Turkistan who had been delegated by the Czar to represent him.
Construction Period: Initial step had been undertaken during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh. Superstructure: 1902 – 1907. External Ornamentation: 1919
Site Dedication: No record of a dedication ceremony on completion of the building can be found although the external ornamentation was completed in 1919 it is probable that the building had been in use for some years by this time.
Architects: `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself delineated the general design. More specific design was by Ustad Ali-Akbar-i-Banna and a Russian architect, Volkov, planned and executed the details of the construction under the supervision of Hájí Mírzá Muhammad-Taqí, the son of Hájí Siyyid Muhammad, the uncle of the Báb for whom Bahá'u'lláh had revealed The Kitáb-i-Íqán. [AB109]
Seating:
Dimensions:
Cost:
Dependencies: two Bahá'í schools, a travellers' hostel, a medical dispensary and Hazíratu'l-Quds
Expropriation:1928
Lease period: – 1938
Seizure; the building was turned into an art gallery
Earthquake: 1948
Demolition: August 1963 the Universal House of Justice announced that it had been demolished by the authorities and the site cleared.
References: AB109, BW14p479-481, GPB300-301, CEBF236, EB266-268, MF126-128
- 1929-09-09 — The British Bahá'ís opened their new centre, at Walmar House, Upper Regent Street, London. [PSBW46–7]
- 1939-07-01 —
The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of United States and Canada relocated the National Office from New York to Wilmette. The National Spiritual Assembly Secretary and his wife/assistant, Horace and Doris Holley, moved from their cramped apartment at 119 Waverly Place in Greenwich Village, to the building on Sheridan Road across the street from the Temple that was built as the studio and residence of Temple architect, Louis Bourgeois. Henceforth the building was referred to as the Hazírátu'l-Quds, the headquarters of the National Assembly.
- Because the Hazírá lacked sufficient space for more than the office of the Secretariat, an apartment in a residential building was rented. Within a few years a small frame, two-room building was erected on the Temple grounds that served as office space for more than fifty years.
- About six months later the offices of the Treasury and the Publishing Committee were relocated from New York as well.
- In 1940 Sophie Loeding was hired as the first full-time staff member of the secretariat. [IH282-286]
- 1939-10-01 —
The national Bahá'í office of the United States was established at 536 Sheridan Road, Wilmette, Illinois. [BW10:181]
- Horace Holley, the full-time secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States and Canada, transfered his office from New York to the Hazíratu'l-Quds in Wilmette. [SBR238]
- 1940-00-00 — A Bahá'í centre was opened in Havana, Cuba, and an organized group was formed.
- 1940-04-00 — Annual Report National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Iraq 1938-1940
- 1942-06-25 —
'Abdu'l-Jalíl Bey Sa'ad died in Egypt and Shoghi Effendi appointed him to the rank of Hand of the Cause of God on the day of his passing. [LoF57-59; MoCxxii; BW9:597]
- For his obituary see BW9:597–9.
- 'Abdu'l-Jalíl Bey Sa'ad was, for many years, the president of the National Spiritual Assembly and a judge in the Civil Courts in Egypt. Through his sustained effort the Declaration of Trust was recognized as valid and legalized in 1934.
- He made an important contribution in translating into Arabic. Among his accomplishments were The Dawn-Breakers, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, Laws of Personal Status and Rules of Procedure.
- In 1941 he employed the Declaration of Trust as an instrument to induce the Ministry of Civil Defence to grant permission to build the Hazíratu'l-Quds in Cairo. While supervising this project in the intense heat he fell ill and died suddenly after an operation.
- 1944-05-12 —
Bahá'ís were persecuted at Ábádih, Iran. The Bahá'í centre was attacked by a mob of four thousand, the building was looted and destroyed and several Bahá'ís badly beaten. [BW18p389]
- For Western accounts see BBR479.
- 1947-00-00 — The Hazíratu'l-Quds of Tihrán was completed. [BW11:588]
- 1948-00-00 — The Bahá'í Centre in Yazd, Iran, was attacked by a mob incited by Shaykh Khalisízádih. He was a man consumed with hatred toward religious minorities, most ferociously against the Bahá'ís in and around Yazd. He had some twenty hooligans on salary to harass, intimate and assault the local Bahá'ís. He had the tacit support of some local government officials who had been ordered by Prime Minister Haj 'Alí Razmara to ignore any complaints from Bahá'ís. [BW18p390; SCF105]
- 1948-00-05 — The Bahá'í centre in Tihrán was attacked by a mob incited by Áyatu'lláh Káshání. [BW18p390]
- 1953-04-30 — Messages from Shoghi Effendi regarding a victory in France:
"Finally share the heart-warming news of the impending establishment of the long-overdue Hazíratu'l-Quds in the French capital through the conclusion of an agreement to purchase a
nine thousand pound property situated in the best residential quarter of the city.
Kiyani's spontaneous, generous contribution is solely responsible for the achievement of the great victory of the establishment of the institution designed to serve as
the administrative headquarters of both the present Paris Assembly and the projected French National Spiritual Assembly."
[MBWp141]
"The second Ḥaẓíratu'l-Quds to be acquired during this period was one in Paris, destined to become the national administrative headquarters of the French Bahá'í community.
This achievement was announced in the Guardian's cablegram to the Forty-Fifth Annual Bahá'í Convention of the United States Bahá'ís on April 30, 1953, as follows:
"Heart-warming news (of the) impending establishment (of the) long overdue Ḥaẓíratu'l-Quds (in the) French capital through (the) conclusion (of an) agreement (to) purchase (a)
nine thousand pound property situated (in the) best residential quarter (of the) city."
The acquisition of this property was made possible by the spontaneous and generous contribution of a single believer, Mr. Hussayn Quli Kiyani, recently come to Paris
from Persia.
The formal dedication of the Paris Ḥaẓíratu'l-Quds took place on July 4, 1953, with Dr. Ugo Giachery, Hand of the Cause of God, coming from Rome to assist in the ceremonies." [BW12p55] - 1954-10-00 — A National Haziratu'l-Quds was established in Kabul. [MBW70; 81]
- 1955-05-02 — The police locked the doors of the National Bahá'í Centre in Tihrán thus preventing the holding of the final day of the National Bahá'í Convention. [BW18:390]
- 1955-05-07 — The Iranian army occupied the National Bahá'í Centre in Tihrán. [BW18:390]
- 1955-05-08 — The Bahá'í centre at Rasht, Iran, was attacked and taken over. [BW18:390]
- 1955-05-09 — The Bahá'í centre at Ahváz, Iran, was taken over. [BW18:390]
- 1955-05-16 — The Bahá'í centre at Isfahán, Iran, was taken over. [BW18:390]
- 1955-05-17 — The Iranian Minister of the Interior announced in parliament that the Government had issued orders for the suppression of the 'Bahá'í sect' and the liquidation of the Bahá'í centres. [BBRSM174; BW18p391]
- 1955-05-22 —
The dome of the National Bahá'í Centre in Tihrán was demolished with the personal participation of several high-ranking army officers. The Haziratu'l-Quds had been taken over on the 7th of May. The publication of the pictures of the demolition encouraged a widespread outburst of persecution of Bahá'ís throughout Iran. [BW18:391; Archives of Bahá'í Persecution in Iran]
- After the coup in 1953 the Shah was indebted to the clergy for their support and so they were given a greater latitude to persecute the Bahá'ís. In an attempt to show his gratitude the Shah sent a high ranking officer to ask if they had any special requests and they called for the Bahá'í Centre in Tehran to be destroyed. The army occupied the Centre and high-ranking officers and clerics jointly demolished the dome. [Towards a History of Iran's Bahá'í Community During the Reign of Mohammad Reza Shah, 1941-1979 by Mina Yazdani.]
- For pictures see BW13:293–4.
- Photo.
- 1955-05-24 — The Bahá'í centre at Karaj, Iran, was taken over. [BW18p391]
- 1955-05-27 — The Bahá'í centre at Máhfurúzak, Iran, was demolished. [BW18p391]
- 1955-09-00 — Bahá'ís in Iran continued to be dismissed from their employment. Bahá'í students were expelled from Shíráz University. [BW18p391]
- 1956-05-02 — After the annual reports were received from the 12 National Conventions Shoghi Effendi compiled a list of achievements made up to and including the two years since the start of the Ten Year Crusade. [MBW p76-86]
There were now 3,700 localities opened to the Faith over the surface of the entire planet -
237 Sovereign States and Chief Dependencies where the Bahá'í Faith was present -
900 Local Spiritual Assemblies -
All the countries listed as pioneering goals were now opened to the Faith except for those in the Soviet Union -
Over 70 islands in the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans, were opened except for 6, bringing the total to 98 islands worldwide -
40 territories were opened to the Faith in the Pacific, with 170 Bahá'í localities -
Bahá'í literature was now translated into 190 languages including 34 not included in the original plan -
In over 60 territories, the number of those who have become Bahá'ís has surpassed the number originally anticipated -
In a considerable proportion of these territories, Bahá'í membership has far exceeded the number required for the formation of local Assemblies, such as Gambia, for example, with 300 Bahá'ís -
There were 3,000 Bahá'ís in Africa -
58 territories and islands were opened in Africa, with 400 Bahá'í localities -
140 African tribes were now represented in the Bahá'í community -
120 Local Spiritual Assemblies in Africa were functioning -
Bahá'í literature was now published in 50 African languages -
There were 43 National Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds—National Bahá'í Centres -
168 incorporated Local and National Spiritual Assemblies -
Land for 10 Temple Sites was acquired -
The value of National Bahá'í endowments in 51 countries exceeded $100,000—$1.1 million in today’s currency—and now included the Maxwell Home in Montreal -
The design for the House of Worship in Iran was approved -
Plans for three additional Houses of Worship in Europe, Africa, and Australia had begun -
In the Holy Land, the Covenant-breakers suffered defeat after defeat and Mírzá Majdi’d-Dín, the last survivor of the original Covenant-breakers from the time of 'Abdu'l-Bahá finally died -
In more positive news, 52 pillars of the International Bahá'í Archives had been raised and 450 tons of stone safely arrived in Haifa -
The contract was signed with the same factory in Utrecht who provided the golden tiles of the Shrine of the Báb for the green tiles of the Archives building -
The Monument Gardens were extended -
Several properties were acquired in Bahjí and on Mount Carmel -
The Temple Land on Mount Carmel was in the process of being purchased -
In the United States the Bahá'ís were invited by the San Francisco Council of Churches to attend a prayer meeting for the United Nations -
At this inter-religious gathering, the voice of the Bahá'í representative was the first to be raised, reciting a prayer revealed by Bahá'u'lláh -
A prayer revealed by `Abdu'l-Bahá for America was presented by the elected national representatives of the United States Bahá'í Community to President Eisenhower, who acknowledged its receipt in warm terms and above his own signature. -
A Bahá'í Publishing Trust was established in India -
30 new centers and 15 assemblies were formed in India, Pakistan and Burma -
In Edirne, Bahá'ís were able to purchase sites blessed by the footsteps of Bahá'u'lláh -
The very first Bahá'í Summer School in Central Africa was held in Kobuka, Uganda, with 100 attendees -
The first All-France Teaching Conference was convened -
The Bahá'ís of Tripoli, Libya and the Capital of Tanganyika both identified plots to serve as future Bahá'í cemeteries -
In Iraq, the Bahá'ís purchased land for a Bahá'í Summer School in Iraq -
The women of Egypt were granted the right to be elected to the Egyptian National Spiritual Assembly and participate as delegates at National Convention -
In the Mentawai Islands, a plot of land was purchased supplementing the National Bahá'í Endowment of Indonesia -
The northernmost outpost of the Faith in Alaska was pushed beyond the Arctic Circle -
The Seychelles and the Sudan both initiated plans for the propagation of the Faith -
The worldwide Bahá'í communities appealed with over 1,000 messages to the United Nations after the massacres of the Bahá'ís in Iran in 1955, subjected to the severest persecutions in decades. -
The Bahá'ís also contacted the Sháh of Iran, Government, the Majlis and the Senate -
Publicity was given on radio, in the world’s leading newspapers, protests were voiced by scholars, statesmen, government envoys and people of eminence such as Pandit Nehru, Eleanor Roosevelt, Professor Gilbert Murray and Professor A. Toynbee -
A written memorandum listing the atrocities was submitted to the Secretary General of the United Nations, who appointed a commission of United Nations officers, headed by the High Commissioner for Refugees, instructing its members to contact the Persian Foreign Minister and urge him to obtain from his government in Tihrán a formal assurance that the rights of the Bahá'í minority in that land would be protected. [Utterance Project part 20] - 1967-03-24 —
The Arctic Policy Conference was held in Toronto. Present were 16 attendees, Hand of the Cause John Robarts, representatives of the National Spiritual Assembly, the Auxiliary Board, the National Pioneer Committee and individuals involved in the teaching work in the Arctic. It was decided to establish Bahá'í houses in Frobisher Bay in the District of Franklin, Baker Lake in the District of Keewatin and Yellowknife in the District of Mackenzie. [SDSC278]
- Photo of Bahá'í House in Baker Lake.
- 1974-09-13 — The National Spiritual Assembly of Denmark, with financial assistance from Canada, purchased a Hazíratu’l-Quds for the Greenland community in the centre of Godthaab. [Bahá'í News No 527 February 1975 p5-6]
- 1975-09-07 — The official opening of the National Centre at 7200 Leslie Street in Thornhill Ontario. [from an invitation to the event]
- 1978-00-00 — In Iran, many local Bahá'í centres were seized by armed men of the revolutionary committees, along with files and membership lists. [BW17:79–80]
- 1978-00-00 —
The Bahá'ís of Vietnam were prohibited by the government from meeting and practising their religion. [BW17:81; BW19:50]
- Bahá'í centres throughout the country were closed or confiscated;
- The national Hazíratu'l-Quds in Ho Chi Minh City was seized and made into an orphanage;
- Two members of the national spiritual assembly were arrested and sent to 're-education' camps.
- One was released in 1982, owing to ill health.
- 1978-02-00 —
The government of the Congo banned the majority of smaller religious groups, including the Bahá'í Faith. [BW17:141]
- The national Hazíratu'l-Quds was confiscated and the assemblies dissolved.
- 1979-02-15 —
The National Hazíratu'l-Quds of Iran was seized by the Revolutionary Guards. [BW18:250]
- All the records of the National Spiritual Assembly, including a membership list of all the Bahá'ís in Iran, were confiscated by the government. [BW19:43]
- 2002-11-27 —
The Bahá'í community of Hungary inaugurated its new national Bahá'í Centre with a reception for government dignitaries, religious leaders and media personalities.
- The community had made considerable progress since the late 1980s when religious freedom started to become restored. In the 1990's they able to restore the Local Spiritual Assembly of Budapest. As of this date, there were more than 1,200 Bahá'ís in the country spread over some 65 localities. More than 2/3 of that number were of the Roma people. The Hungarian Bahá'í community was involved in a social and economic development project, MESED ("Meselo Edesanyak" - Storytelling Mothers), a program for young Roma mothers. Romas are members of a disadvantaged community, and they are often deprived of proper education. The project provided literacy training for mothers and helps them to read storybooks to their children. [BWNS187; BWNS467]
- 2005-07-23 — The purchase of a new Bahá'í Centre in Scotland at 44 Albany Street, Edinburgh EH1 3QR. [UK Bahá'í website]
- 2005-11-01 —
The celebration of the opening of the new Bahá'í Centre at 44 Albany Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. [BWNS347, BWNS395]
- The weekend's events coincided with the 92nd anniversary of the visit in 1913 by 'Abdu'l-Bahá.
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