1. n.d.. Bāb. Alessandro Bausani. Brief article "Báb: a term applied in early Shi'ism to the senior authorised disciple of the Imam", followed by Bausani's biography of The Báb. Encyclopedia.
2. 2025-11. Báb's Commentary on the Ḥadíth Every Day is ʿĀshūrāʾ, The: A Treatise on the Eternal Reality and Divine Mystery of the Martyrdom of Imām Ḥusayn. The Báb, Mohammad Norozi, trans. . A mystical commentary on this hadith, portraying the martyrdom of Imam Husayn as the Countenance of God, in as a timeless drama of divine revelation and sacrifice, eternally renewed in every age. Translations.
3. 2025. Devotional Wisdom: Commentaries on Prayer and Supplication in Imami Shí'í Islam. Gianni Izzo. Dissertation exploring Shi'i supplication (du'ā'), analyzing commentaries by four scholars, including Siyyid Kazim, to reveal its theological, devotional, and social significance in Imami Shi'ism. (Link to document, offsite.) Theses.
4. 2024-12. Seeing the Signs: The Imamate in Sayyid Kāẓim al-Rashtī’s (d. 1259/1843) Sharḥ Duʿāʾ al-simāt. Gianni Izzo. The role of interpretation in al-Rashtí's "Commentary on the supplication of signs" in articulating Shaykhi thought; how God interacts with creation through prophetic archetypes. Link to thesis "Devotional Wisdom: Commentaries on Prayer and Supplication." Articles.
5. 2024. Metaphorical Literalism and the Poetics of Reality: Ahmad Ahsá'í, Figuration, and the World of Images. Todd Lawson. Overview of the life of Shaykh Ahmad; his thoughts about the technical rhetorical terms mithál, mathal, and mithl (images), which functioned more as metaphor than simile or parable in the Qur'an and the words of the Imams. Articles.
6. 2024. Nahj al-Balághah: The Wisdom and Eloquence of 'Alí: Parallel English-Arabic Text. al-Sharif al-Radi, Tahera Qutbuddin, trans. . Critical edition and translation Imam Ali's orations and reflections, showcasing his wisdom on piety, virtue, and governance. No mention of the Bahá'í Faith. Books.
7. 2023. Translation of the Arabic Du'á' al-Sahar (The Dawn Supplication) or Du'á' al-Bahá' (The Supplication of Splendour) with Select Expository Scriptural Writings of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh, A. Stephen Lambden. Translation of and commentary on the Shí'í "dawn supplication" for the Islamic month of Ramadán, and its symbolic exploration in Bábí and Bahá'í texts. Link to article (offsite). Articles.
8. 2023. Role of Wonder in Creating Identity, The. Todd Lawson. The term badí', "wondrous" or "new," is used dozens of times by the Báb in his proclamatory work the Qayyúm al-Asmáʾ. Wonder plays a major role in Bábí and Bahá'í thought and practice, and in their ethos and message. Link to article (offsite). Articles.
9. 2023. Báb and 'Alí Muhammad, Islamic and Post-Islamic, The: Multiple Meanings in the Writings of Sayyid 'Alí Muhammad Shírází (1819-1850). Zackery Mirza Heern. Writings of the Báb can be understood as a commentary on the Qur'án, the original Qur'án, and divine revelation; the metaphors and symbolism of Gate (Báb), Remembrance (Dhikr), and Point (Nuqtah). Link to article (offsite). Articles.
10. 2020-06. Reflections on Baha'u'llah's Claims to Being the Return of Imam Husayn. Ismael Velasco. On Imam Husayn in Shi'a Islam, expectations of his return, his place in Bábí theology, and various relationships to the Bábí Faith: ancestral, devotional, initiatory, theophanic, typological, eschatological, and messianic. Articles-unpublished.
11. 2020-04-10. Writings of the Báb, The: Notes from Talks given by Dr. Nader Saiedi. Nader Saiedi, Anonymous, comp. . Structured summarized notes from Dr. Saiedi’s 2019 talks on the Báb’s Writings, delivered at the Swedish and Norwegian Bahá'í summer school 2019, highlighting key theological concepts and themes. Includes some provisional translations quoted in the talks. Talks.
12. 2019. Analysis of the Salient Features of Risáliy-i-Ja'faríyyih, An. Foad Seddigh. This treatise, one of the major writings of the Báb, was written before He had disclosed His complete station of prophethood to the public. It comments on an Islamic prayer for the advent of the promised Qa'im. Includes translation. Articles.
13. 2019. Writings of the Báb: Lecture Series at the Norwegian Summer School. Nader Saiedi. On topics including the concept of God; Manifestations of God; Day of Resurrection, heaven and hell; the Imamate, the Hidden Imam; divine justice and free will; reason, independence; human rights, equality, women. Links to audio files, offsite. Audio.
14. 2018. List of Bahá'í Studies and Translations. Stephen Lambden, A. Bolhuis, comp. . A list of content available at Lambden's personal website, Hurqalya Publications, with select links to manuscripts, texts, introductions. Includes Shaykhi and Bábí studies, bibliographies, genealogies, provisional translations. Resources.
15. 2017. Comparison between the Commentary and Interpretation of an Islamic Tradition by 'Abdu'l-Bahá and Ayatu'llah Khomeini, A. Moojan Momen. On different interpretations of the hadith regarding taqlíd, "to follow (legal interpretations)," as given by Shi`i clerics like Ayatu’llah Khomeini vs. the interpretation of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Articles.
16. 2016. Regarding Jaʻfar-i-Kadhdháb ('Jaʻfar the Liar'). Bahá'u'lláh, Adib Masumian, trans. . One-paragraph passage about the mystical cities Jabulqa and Jabulsa and the truthfulness of a figure, Jaʻfar (connected with the history of the Twelfth Imam). Translations.
17. 2015. Joycean Modernism in a Nineteenth-Century Qur'an Commentary?: A Comparison of The Báb's Qayyūm Al-Asmā' with Joyce's Ulysses. Todd Lawson. Comparison of the formal structure of the two works and themes such as time; oppositions and their resolution; relation between form and content; prominence of epiphany; manifestation, advent and apocalypse; and the theme of heroism, reading and identity. Articles.
18. 2015. One Who Related the Existence of the Qáʼim, The. Bahá'u'lláh, Adib Masumian, trans. . One-paragraph passage related to the coming of the Mahdi. Translations.
19. 2015. Words of Power: Ḥurūfī Teachings between Shiʿism and Sufism in Medieval Islam: The Original Doctrine of Faḍl Allāh Astarābādī. Orkhan Mir-Kasimov. Explores the origins, context, and legacy of Hurufism, a 14th century mystical Islamic movement centered on the divine nature of letters. No mention of the Bahá'í Faith, but gives context to some terms used in the Bahá'í Writings. Books.
20. 2014. Reflections on the Concept of Law in the Bahá'í Faith, Some. Roshan Danesh. The concept of law in the Bahá’í Faith; its early Islamic context; the nature of legal language and discourse in Bahá’u’lláh’s writings. Religious law, rooted in conscious knowledge and the dynamics of love, rejects rigid and legalistic rules. Articles.
21. 2013. Religion in Iran. Ashaq Hussain. Summary of the status of religious minorities in Iran: the Bahá'í Faith, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism. Articles.
22. 2013. Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran, The: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present. Ronen A. Cohen. History of the group that started in the 1950s as an anti-Baha'i movement but found itself leading an anti-Khomeini agenda; spiritual background to Imamite Shi'ism and the historical context; a counter-revolutionary movement that echoes today. Books.
23. 2011. "In Their Place": Marking and Unmarking Shi'ism in Pahlavi Iran. Aaron Vahid Sealy. Dissertation about Shi'ite nationalism in Iran 1925-1979, including extensive discussion of anti-Bahá'í activity and persecutions. (Offsite.) Theses.
24. 2010-09-29. Hojjatiyeh, Mesbahiyeh, and Ahmadinejad. Muhammad Sahimi. History of anti-Bahá'í activities in Iran. Newspapers.
25. 2010-05. Bahá'ísm: History, Transfiguration, Doxa. Hutan Hejazi Martinez. An outsider's view of the role of ideologies in a postmodern era, focusing on Bahá'í history, conversion narratives, ideology, and other competing philosophies. (Link to thesis, offsite.) Theses.
26. 2009. Mysteries of Alast: The Realm of Subtle Entities and the Primordial Covenant in the Babi-Bahá'í Writings. Farshid Kazemi. One of the more esoteric concepts in Shi'i and Shaykhi thought is the "realm of subtle entities," 'ālam-i dharr, a sort of pre-existence for the archetype of humanity, which is relevant to free will and the seven stages of creation. Articles.
27. 2007. Bahá'u'lláh as fulfilment of the theophanic promise in the Sermons of Imam 'Alí ibn Abí Ṭálib: Translation of al Tutunjiyya, Iftikhár and Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat. Khazeh Fananapazir. Translations of Tutunjiyya "Sermon of the Gulf," Iftikhár "Sermon of Iftikhár," and Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat "Sermon of Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat." Articles.
28. 2007. Authority of the Feminine and Fatima's Place in an Early Work by the Bab, The. Todd Lawson. While Tahirih inspired many in Europe and eventually America, she is very much a daughter of her own culture, history, mythology, and religion. She was a religious mystic who felt a new day arising in the world, and seen by some as the "return" of Fatima. Articles.
29. 2005. Seeing Double: The Covenant and the Tablet of Ahmad. Todd Lawson. The Tablet of Ahmad is believed to have special potency. "Seeing double" means both looking at the words of Scripture, and looking in the direction beyond the words, as indicated by the context. This paper also discusses the meaning of Covenant in Islam. Articles.
30. 2005. Messianic Roots of Babi-Bahá'í Globalism, The. Stephen Lambden. Contrast of the continuity between the globalism of the Bab’s Qayyum al-asma’ and Baha’u’llah’s globalism, verses breaks between the two, e.g. the abandoning of jihad as a means of promoting a globalisation process. Articles.
31. 2004. Encyclopedia of Islam and The Muslim World. William F. McCants, John Walbridge, Frank Lewis, et al., Richard C. Martin, ed. . Articles on Abdu'l-Bahá, the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths, Hujjatiya, Persian language and literature, Shaykhism, and Twelver Shi'ism. Encyclopedia.
32. 2004. Logos, Mythos and Kerygma: The Logic of Reconciliation and the Occultation of the Promised Qá'im in Bábí-Bahá'í Scripture. Ismael Velasco. Theological background of the Twelfth Imam in Shi'i Islam, comprehensive interpretation of Bahá'u'lláh's and 'Abdu'l-Bahá's position on the occultation and the Qá'ím, and the historicity of the 12th Imám in the Bahá'í writings. Articles-unpublished.
33. 2004. Prolegomenon to the Study of Babi and Baha'i Scriptures, A: The Importance of Henry Corbin to Babi and Baha'i Studies. Ismael Velasco. On the foremost Western authority on the Islamic philosophy of Persia, one of the most influential Islamicists of the 20th century, whose work is uniquely relevant in understanding the philosophical context for the emergence of the Bábí Faith. Articles.
34. 2003-09. Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family. Moojan Momen. The emergence of the Usuli school in the evolution of Shi'is jurisprudence and theology in 18th and 19th-century Iran, viewed through the lens of the Baraghani family as it faced schisms of the Akhbari, Shaykhi, and Bábí movements. Articles.
35. 2002. Wronged One, The: Shí'í Narrative Structure in Bahá'u'lláh's Tablet of Visitation for Mullá Husayn. William F. McCants. On the martyrdom of Mulla Husayn, the structure of sacrificial and devotional narratives, and Shi'i antecedents. Articles.
36. 2001. Sermon of Recognition with Luminousness (Khutbih-i-Ma'rifat bin-Núráníyyat). Ali ibn 'Abu-Talib, Khazeh Fananapazir, trans. . A sermon by Imam Ali, of interest to Bahá'ís because (1) it was often quoted by Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa'i­ and Siyyid Kázim Rashtí; (2) it concerns the true station of the Imáms; and (3) Bahá'u'lláh quotes it in the Kitáb-i-I­qán. Translations.
37. 2000. Resurgence of Apocalyptic in Modern Islam. Abbas Amanat. Shi'i Mahdism, beliefs on the end of time, and overview of the rise of the Bábí Faith. Excerpts.
38. 1999 Spring. Conversion of the Great-Uncle of the Báb, The. Ahang Rabbani. The history of Hájí Mírzá Sayyid Muhammad (1798-1876), maternal uncle of the Bab. Articles.
39. 1998-02. Treatise on Leadership: Introduction. Juan Cole. Informal notes about and introduction to `Abdu'l-Bahá's Risalih-i-Siyasiyyih (1893). Study.
40. 1998. Babi Movement in Iran, The: From Religious Dissent to Political Revolt, 1844. Ahmad Nur Fuad. Development of the Bábí movement and the political implications of its religious teachings, as seen in its shift from purely religious dissent to political dissent. Theses.
41. 1997-06. Questions of Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali Muhammad occasioning the Revelation of the Kitab-i-Iqan. Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali Muhammad, Denis MacEoin, trans. . Translation of the questions submitted to Bahá'u'lláh by Haji Mirza Siyyid Muhammad, the maternal uncle of the Bab, whichled to the revelation of the Kitab-i Iqan. Histories.
42. 1997. Shi'i Qur'an: An Examination of Western Scholarship. Jonah Winters. In the Kitab-i-Iqan (pp. 84-89) Bahá'u'lláh rejects the charge that the text of the Bible has been tampered with. Many Shi'is have charged the same, accusing Sunnis of removing the proofs of Ali's appointment as leader of the community from the Qur'an. Personal.
43. 1997. Imam Absconditus and the Beginnings of a Theology of Occultation: Imami Shiʿism Circa 280-290 A. H./900 A. D.. Said Amir Arjomand. Examination of the end of the 9th century and events following the death of the eleventh Imam, and the formal beginnings of the doctrine of the "hidden" twelfth Imam. Contains no mention of the Bahá'í Faith. Articles.
44. 1997. Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shii and Babi Religions. Jonah Winters. Religious and cultural meanings of martyrdom/witnessing, and their role in Shí'í and Bábí history. Personal.
45. 1997. Reforming the Marja` at-Taqlid: The Baha'i Example. Linda Walbridge. Shi'i leadership paradigms and the marja` at-taqlid, "clerical exemplar" or "religious guide." Articles-unpublished.
46. 1996-11. Crisis of the Imamate and the Institution of Occultation in Twelver Shiism, The: A Sociohistorical Perspective. Said Amir Arjomand. Background of the history and theology of concepts like Qa'im, Mahdi, ghayba, and the hidden twelfth Imam. No mention of the Bahá'í Faith. Articles.
47. 1996. Consolation of Theology, The: Absence of the Imam and Transition from Chiliasm to Law in Shi'ism. Said Amir Arjomand. Overview of the Shi'i doctrine of occultation, or the "Hidden Imam," and how this idea evolved into a principle of salvation: historical background; hidden God / sealed prophecy; theodicy and law; rationalization. Contains no mention of the Bahá'í Faith. Articles.
48. 1996. Origins of Shi'ism: A Consensus of Western Scholarship. Jonah Winters. Shi'ism, representing about 10% of the umma, is often regarded as illegitimate by the majority Sunnis. Using Western historiographical methods, I examine three key events occuring during the life of Muhammad that are used to legitimize Shi'i origins. Personal.
49. 1995. Shi`i Islam. Moojan Momen. Overview of Shi'a Islam, including a section on its relations to the Bahá'í Faith. Encyclopedia.
50. 1995. Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran. Moojan Momen. Encyclopedia.
51. 1993-10. Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i on the Sources of Religious Authority. Juan Cole. How did Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i understand the structure of authority in Shi`ism, specifically the role of the ulama? Was he to be seen as an exemplar to be emulated, the first among equals, or a Sufiesque 'pole' channeling the grace of God?  Articles-unpublished.
52. 1993. Implications of Twelver Shí'ih Mihdísm on Religious Tolerance: The Case of the Bahá'í Minority in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Payam Akhavan. On the human rights implications of applying Islamic law in Iran to its Bahá'í minority; alternative readings of the sharí‘a that could reconcile discrepancies between the treatment of Bahá'ís with Iran's obligations under international law. Excerpts.
53. 1991-01-01. Iran: Religious Life. Eric Hooglund. Descriptions of the principal religious communities in Iran. Statistics.
54. 1991. Maid of Heaven, the Image of Sophia, and the Logos, The: Personification of the Spirit of God in Scripture and Sacred Literature. Michael W. Sours. The Logos in Christianity and the Maiden for Bahá'u'lláh can be equated as one and the same eternal reality; the divine image of wisdom in Proverbs; Sophia and Logos are combined in the feminine personification of the Most Great Spirit. Articles.
55. 1989 Winter. Ideology, Ethics, and Philosophical Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Iran. Juan Cole. Intellectual biography as a discipline assumes that the life and thought of an individual can shed light on an epoch. This paper examines 1700s Iran via the Shi'i scholar Mohammad Mehdi Niraq (d. 1794). No mention of the Bábí or Bahá'í Faiths. Articles.
56. 1986-10. 'Indian Money' and the Shi'i Shrine Cities of Iraq, 1786-1850. Juan Cole. On the political economy of the Shi'i shrine cities of Iraq, theological and pilgrimage centers which grew around the tombs of the Imams, in the 18th and 19th centuries. Connections from India proved lucrative for the Usuli clerics in these cities. Articles.
57. 1986. Unique Eschatological Interface, A: Baha'u'llah and Cross-Cultural Messianism. Christopher Buck. Tracing themes of messianism through the Occidental religions. Articles.
58. 1986. Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala 1824-1843. Juan Cole, Moojan Momen. On the role of gangs in urban social history of the 19-century Ottoman empire; with a decline in government control, gangs ran protection rackets and acted as a parallel government, making alliances and becoming popular leaders against an alien threat. Articles.
59. 1985 Winter. Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722-1780: The Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered. Juan Cole. A debate which came to shape Shi'i jurisprudence, between those who believed that only the Imams should be the source of law, vs. those who held that rational study of scripture could yield worthy principles. (No mention of the Bábí or Bahá'í faiths.) Articles.
60. 1982-2023. Encyclopaedia Iranica: Selected articles related to Persian culture, religion, philosophy and history. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Sorted, categorized collection of links to over 170 articles. Encyclopedia.
61. 1979. Development of Shaykhi Thought in Shi'i Islam, The. Vahid Rafati. Theses.
62. 1977. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran. Henry Corbin, Nancy Pearson, trans. . An analysis of interrelated themes in Iranian religion, including the angelology of Mazdaism and Islamic Shi'ite concepts of spirit-body identity. Includes descriptions of cosmologies in Zoroastrian, Shi'i Islamic and Shaykhi philosophies. Books.
63. 1968. Persia. Richard N. Frye. Excerpt from a book on the history of Iran. Includes mention of Bahá'í schools in the early twentieth century. Excerpts.
64. 1953. Six Lessons on Islam. Marzieh Gail. A brief overview of Islam, particularly Shi'a Islam, and its relevance to the Bahá'í Faith. Books.
65. 1930. Relation of the Báb to the Traditions of Islám, The. Wanden Mathews LaFarge. Discussion of prophecies made by Muhammad concerning his son-in-law Alí and the division which divided Islám into the two factions Sunni and Shi‘i, to understand the significance of the titles "Gate" and "Point" and the concept of the Twelfth Imám. Articles.

1. 1843-12-31 —
   Passing of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, the disciple and self-proclaimed successor of Shaykh Ahmad, in Karbalá. Because Siyyid Kázim designated no successor, within a short period of time the Shaykhí school was split into several factions. The two largest were grouped around Siyyid `Alí Muhammad and Hájí Mullá Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání. The first faction moved away from the outward practice of Islám towards a development of inner realities and ultimately a new revelation. The second emphasized the continuing role of the Prophets and the Imáms and sought acceptance from the Shí'í majority which had formerly excommunicated Shaykh Ahmad and Siyyid Kázim. [BBD126–7; MH26; SBBH1; TB6, Sayyid Kazim Rashti by Moojan Momen]
   • The latter, Hájí Mullá Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání, became an enemy of the Báb. [SDH165; RoB1p331-335]
   • BBRSM9 for a brief account of his life and the Shaykhí school under his leadership.
   • See MH28 for a picture.
   • See DB43–5, MH46–7 for an account of a warning of his passing in a shepard's dream.
   • Bahá'u'lláh condemned him in both the Kitáb-i-Íqán (p.184-186) and the Lawh-i-Qiná.
   • See DB24-25, 40-42 for Siyyid Kázim's exhortations to his followers predicting the manifestation of both the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh.

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