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TAGS: - Bibliography; - Biography; `Alí-Akbar Furútan; David Hofman; John Robarts; Shoghi Effendi, Works of; Shoghi Effendi, Writings of

Abstract:

Select portions of this book as they've appeared elsewhere, or were shared by their authors.

Notes:

See also audio question-and-answer apparently from this conference. Scan of complete book available upon request.

The Vision of Shoghi Effendi:

Proceedings of the Association for Bahá'í Studies Ninth Annual Conference, November 2-4, 1984, Ottawa, Canada

[various authors]

Ottawa, ON: Association for Bahá'í Studies North America, 1993

Preface
   William P. Collins .................................. vii

The vision of Shoghi Effendi and the unfoldment of the
   Tablets of the Divine Plan
   J. Jameson Bond ....................................... 1

The epistolary style of Shoghi Effendi
   Ann Boyles ............................................ 9

Peace:  A task for all
   Rodrigo Carazo ....................................... 19

An organic order:  An approach to the philosophy of
   Bahá’u’lláh through the writings of Shoghi Effendi
   Roger Coe ............................................ 25

Unity: The creative foundation of peace
   Hossain B. Danesh .................................... 57

The Guardian and the East
   A. A. Furútan ........................................ 69

An analysis of The Dispensation of Bahá’u’lláh
   William S. Hatcher ................................... 73

Shoghi Effendi: Expounder of the Word of God
   David Hofman ......................................... 91

Service at the Threshold
   Dhikru’lláh Khádem .................................. 103

The beloved of all hearts—Shoghi Effendi
   Dhikru’lláh Khádem .................................. 117

The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh:  Translation norms 
   employed by Shoghi Effendi
   Diana Malouf ........................................ 129

Notes to the paintings in honor of the vision of Shoghi Effendi
   Jaláliyyih Quinn .................................... 141

La vision de l’révolution générale du monde dans l’œuvre
   de Shoghi Effendi
   Shapour Rassekh ..................................... 153

Reminiscences about Shoghi Effendi
   Audrey Robarts ...................................... 163

A few reminiscences about Shoghi Effendi taken from pilgrim
   notes of January 1955, from the Canadian National Spiritual
   Assembly film Retrospective, and from some other words
   of the Beloved Guardian
   John A. Robarts ..................................... 169

Shoghi Effendi:  Master builder
   Nathan Rutstein ..................................... 177
   (see also audio with similar title)

Shoghi Effendi’s question
   Emeric Sala ......................................... 187

A review of Shoghi Effendi’s vision of the future as
   expressed in The Advent of Divine Justice
   Richard W. Thomas ................................... 193
   (see also audio with similar title)

Le style Persan du Gardien
   A. M. Varqá ......................................... 207

Annotated bibliography ................................. 219

Bibliography ........................................... 223

Biographical notes ..................................... 227

English translations of French papers (new)

The vision of the general world revolution in the
   work of Shoghi Effendi
   Shapour Rassekh ..................................... 233

The Persian style of the Guardian [see in French above]
   A. M. Varqá ......................................... 243

Preface

All stand amazed at the vast range of his [Shoghi Effendi's] achievements and the character of his leadership, a leadership that evoked in a handful of ordinary people powers and capacities which they did not know they possessed and which enabled them to achieve, under his guidance, tasks inconceivable and impossible without his God-given genius. -- David Hofman

A leader of singular virtue, bold and audacious insight, eloquence, scholarly ability, wide knowledge, and an ineffable humility before the sacred nature of life - Shoghi Effendi, the great-grandson of Baha'u'llah, was indeed a cherished being, one whose nature calls others to follow.[1] At the age of twenty-four, he found himself thrust into a position of responsibility scarcely imaginable by today's world leaders. As Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, he was designated the protector and nurturer of the germ of a future global society of unprecedented possibilities. The Guardianship was at once pivotal, visionary, unific, and pastoral. To bear the weight of responsibility for world undertakings requires a clear sense of group purpose, a structure for accomplishing the collective mission, and moral recognition extended to the individual. These are the profound gifts that Shoghi Effendi bestowed upon a small but ever-growing band of people who saw in Baha'u'llah "the meaning of all the prodigies and portents of our time."[2]

[2 George Townshend, "Introduction," in Nabil-i-A'zam, {The Dawn-Breakers} xxxvi.]

Shoghi Effendi's work, in his letters and books, in his translations, and in his projects as Guardian and "true brother," reveals a profound power of analysis, an impressive ability to synthesize, and a deep understanding of human history. He selects facts, events, and ideas from the entire range of history and human experience with which to stage a drama of divine action in human affairs intended to impel humanity toward its destined world civilization under the lordship of God's new Manifestation. The apostolic periods of earlier religions, the bewildering conflicts of modern nation-states, political theories, devastating developments in armaments, contemporary signs of moral downfall-all serve as pieces in one mosaic to impel readers toward the conclusion that world unification and allegiance to Baha'u'llah's remedies are the sole refuge for a sorely distressed world. Shoghi Effendi does this with the eloquence and measure of the erudite orator and statesman whose grasp of sociopolitical, historical, and theological concepts is sure and true. It is Shoghi Effendi's temperate, metahistorical perspective that inspires confidence and shapes a united, principled, global community with the power to envision-and thus to create-that Golden Age to be incarnated in the Baha'i Commonwealth of the future.

When the Association for Baha'i Studies convened its annual conference in 1984 on the theme "The Vision of Shoghi Effendi," the Berlin Wall still stood as a symbol of the profound divisions engendered by the conflicts of nation-states. Shoghi Effendi himself had set those conflicts in spiritual and historical context for the world. In the 1930s, Shoghi Effendi had evaluated the causes and results of the first World War, had explicitly foreshadowed the second World War, and had looked past the time of communism's collapse. The ephemeral movements and bankrupt theories characteristic of this age are the shadows of enduring spiritual forces that are forging in the crucible of the century the supports for a richer collective enterprise. The razing of communism-one of the "triple gods" in the "desecrated temple of mankind"[3]--should not surprise a careful reader of Shoghi Effendi's works.

[3. Shoghi Effendi, {The Promised Day is Come} 113.] The nineteen essays from the Association for Baha'i Studies 1984 conference contained in this volume speak persuasively to such visionary powers of the first Guardian of the Baha'i Faith. Whether addressing the spiritual campaign to conquer human hearts as outlined in 'Abdu'l-Baha's Tablets of the Divine Plan, the Guardian's eloquence in Persian and English, the nature of World Order, the clarification of fundamental Baha'i beliefs, Shoghi Effendi's warm and loving nature, or his authority as infallible interpreter of the Word of God, each author offers to the reader yet another facet of Shoghi Effendi's intriguing and inspiring character: Centuries from now, the famous of our time will have been eclipsed by Shoghi Effendi, with whose vision the world will have become attuned. Shoghi Effendi's contributions and achievements will have answered the shortsightedness of those who now may cavil at the boldness of his vision of the consummation of humanity's civilized life on this planet.

The year 1992 is the Holy Year in commemoration of the centenary of the Ascension of Baha'u'llah and of the negative process represented in the establishment of his covenant. According to the spiritually binding conditions of that covenant, the followers of Baha'u'llah accepted 'Abdu'l-Baha as exemplar and interpreter of the Baha'i writings, and upon 'Abdu'l-Baha's death accepted Shoghi Effendi as the Baha'i Faith's first Guardian operating conjointly with the Universal House of Justice. Though Shoghi Effendi died in 1957 without a successor, there can be no greater testimony to his foresight than the strength with which the institution of the Guardianship still operates as one of the twin pillars of the World Order of Baha'u'llah. The thirty-six years of authorized interpretation ens~f1.ned.m thousands of letters from Shoghi Effendi, as well as the administrative and advisory structure raised through his tutelage, maintain the Guardianship's vital role in guiding the Universal House of Justice and protecting the worldwide Baha'i community against the forces of schism and disintegration raging over the planet.

Shoghi Effendi, by his own testimony and as a matter of Baha'i belief, achieved these feats not primarily through his own unaided efforts, but by the gift and power of God acting through Baha'u'llah. The humility exhibited by Shoghi Effendi in the face of the daunting tasks of his ministry is amply proved by his prohibition of the celebration of any event associated with his own life. It is to Baha'u'llah, the Bab, and 'Abdu'l-Baha that Baha'is owe their spiritual devotion. The individual who occupies the office of the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith is simply the master craftsman among the workers in the divine atelier. As the "true brother" he proclaimed himself to be, Shoghi Effendi labored side by side with the humblest of believers to build the foundation of the future World Commonwealth that is the fruit of Baha'u'llah's Revelation and of the covenant that channels its promised blessings to the world.

WILLIAM P. COLLINS

[p221]

Annotated Bibliography of Works by and about Shoghi Effendi

Giachery, Ugo. Shoghi Effendi, Recollections. Oxford: George Ronald, 1973.

Ugo Giachery, a Hand of the Cause of God, worked with the Guardian on several architectural projects and was Shoghi Effendi's frequent companion in Haifa. This volume particularly focuses on the development of the Baha'i World Centre.

Japan Will Turn Ablaze: Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Baha, Letters of Shoghi Effendi, and Historical Notes about Japan. Osaka, Japan: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

Includes letters by and on behalf of the Guardian relating to Japan.

Lights of Guidance: A Baha'i Reference File. Helen Hornby, compo 2d rev. & enl. ed. New Delhi: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1988.

A large compilation that includes many quotations from letters written by or on behalf of the Guardian on nearly every subject.

Ruhiyyih Khanum Rabbani. The Guardian of the Baha'i Faith. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1988.

A shorter version of The Priceless Pearl, supplemented by a large number of previously unpublished photographs.

---. The Priceless Pearl. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1969.

A first-hand appraisal of the life and work of Shoghi Effendi by his widow, nee Mary Maxwell. Ruhiyyih Khanum Rabbani was the Guardian's wife and secretary, and later a Hand of the Cause of God. This valuable resource is filled with detail and is the longest published primary source on Shoghi Effendi.

Shoghi Effendi. The Advent of Divine Justice. 4th. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1984.

Lengthy letter to the American Baha'is outlining the prerequisites for the North American community to complete its mission.

---. Appel aux nations. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1979.

Extraits des ecrits de Shoghi Effendi sur le sujet de l'ordre mondial.

---. Arohani: Letters from Shoghi Effendi to New Zealand. Fiji: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982.

Letters to individuals and Baha'i institutions, 1926-1957; statements on various subjects; notes and an index.

---. L'Avenement de La justice divine. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1973.

Longue lettre ecrite aux baha'is americains soulignant les conditions neces≠saires pour que la communaute nord-americaine puisse mener sa mission a bien.

---. Baha'i Administration: Selected Messages 1922-1932. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

The administrative order of the Baha'i Faith was ordained by Baha'u'llah, further defined by 'Abdu'l-Baha, and brought into existence by Shoghi Effendi. These messages to the American Baha'is outline the foundations and procedures for establishment of administrative institutions.

---. Le But d'un nouvel ordre mondial.

Lettre ecrite le 28 novembre 1931. Paris: Assemblee Spirituelle Nationale des Baha'is de France, 1968.

---. Call to the Nations. Haifa: Baha'i World Centre. Chatham, U.K.: W & J. Mackay, 1977.

Excerpts from the Guardian's writings on the subject of world order. [p222]

Shoghi Effendi. Citadel of Faith: Messages to America 1947-1957. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1980.

The last collection of messages from Shoghi Effendi to American Baha'is, further outlining their position and responsibility in building the worldwide Baha'i community.

---. Dawn of a New Day: Messages to India 1923-1957 New Delhi: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1970.

Messages to individuals and institutions of the Indian subcontinent, on a range of topics from teaching plans to the application of Baha'i principles. Includes a good index.

---. Dieu passe pres de nous. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1976.

Le seul veritable livre ecrit par Shoghi Effendi (tous ses autres ecrits publies consIstent en des lettres), evocation ala fois historique et spirituelle et faisant autorite du premier siecle de la foi baha'ie.

---. Directives from the Guardian. New Delhi: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1973.

An alphabetically arranged compilation of the Guardian's letters on a number of topics, originally published in the U. S. Baha'i News.

---. The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1981.

A foundation-stone of fundamental Baha'i beliefs about the Manifestations, the Central Figures of the Baha'i Faith, and the administrative institutions. Included as one of the letters in The World Order of Baha'u'llah.

---. The Faith of Baha'u'llah: A World Religion. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1980.

Introductory statement prepared for the United Nations Special Commission on Palestine.

---. God Passes By. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

Shoghi Effendi's only full-length book, an authoritative spiritual-historical interpretation of the first century of Baha'i history.

---. Guidance for Today and Tomorrow. Oakham, U.K.: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1973.

Excerpts from a number of Shoghi Effendi's letters on several broad topics, offering a helpful sample of Shoghi Effendi's writing.

---. High Endeavours: Messages to Alaska. Anchorage: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Alaska, 1976.

Letters written by and on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to believers and institutions in Alaska. Includes a section of short extracts on specific topics and an index.

---. Letters from the Guardian to Australia and New Zealand, 1923-1957 Mona Vale: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Australia, 1970.

Chronological compilation of letters by and on behalf of the Guardian to individuals and institutions in Australia and New Zealand.

---. The Light of Divine Guidance. Vol. 1. Hofheim, Germany: Baha'i Verlag, 1983. ---. The Light of Divine Guidance. Vol. 2. Hofheim, Germany: Baha'i Verlag, 1985.

Messages to individual Baha'is and their institutions in Germany and Austria, 1922-1957. [p223]

Shoghi Effendi. Messages to America: Selected Letters and Cablegrams to the Baha'is of North America, 1932-1946 Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1947.

Now out of print, this volume contains very important messages directed to Baha'i institutions in North America during the upheavals and turmoil preceding and during the second World War. Includes a poor index.

---. Messages to Canada. Toronto: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Canada, 1965.

Compilation of Shoghi Effendi's letters to the Canadian Baha'i community, 1923-1957.

---. Messages to the Baha'i World, 1950-1957 Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1971.

Premier collection that compiles letters addressed to the entire Baha'i world during the first half of the Ten-Year World Crusade, the first global teaching plan of the Baha'i community.

---. Principles of Baha'i Administration. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1973.

A procedural compilation for assemblies, groups, and individuals that is still used as a reference source, though somewhat outdated and incomplete.

---. The Promised Day is Come. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1980.

Shoghi Effendi addressed this letter to Baha'is of the West during World War II. He analyzed the disintegration of nations and political philosophies, and the integration of the worldwide Baha'i community.

---. Selected Writings of Shoghi Effendi. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1975.

Booklet of brief selections intended to give the flavor of Shoghi Effendi's style and subjects.

---. Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community: The Messages from the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith to the Baha'is of the British Isles. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1981.

Compilation of letters to national and local institutions and individuals in the British Isles, with a section of biographical notes on individuals mentioned.

---. The Unfoldment of World Civilization. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1938.

One of the Guardian's "world order" letters, the title of which is self-explanatory. Included in The World Order of Baha'u'llah.

---. Vers l'Apogee de la race humaine. Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1936.

Une lettre du Guardien sur "l'ordre mondial." La version anglaise de cette lettre est inclue dans The World Order of Baha'u'llah.

---. The World Order of Baha'u'llah: Selected Letters. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

Collection of several letters, written in the 1930s, which examine questions of world order and the involvement of the Baha'i Faith in the life of the world.

World Order 7.2 (Winter 1972/73).

Includes Shoghi Effendi's "The Faith of Baha'u'llah," and Glenford E. Mitchell's "The Literature of Interpretation: Notes on the English Writings of Shoghi Effendi."

[p25]

Bibliography

'Abdu'l-Baha. Causeries d'Abdu'l-Baha a Paris. Bruxelles: Maisons d'Editions Baha'ies, 1971.

---. Les Lecons de St. Jean d'Acre. Vendome: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970.

---. Paris Talks: Addresses Given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911. l1th ed. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1969.

---. Tablets of the Divine Plan. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1980.

---. Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1968.

Baha'u'llah, Extraits des Ecrits de Baha'u'llah. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1979.

---. Le Livre de la certitude. Trad. Hippolyte Dreyfus. Vendome: Presses Universitaires de France, 1973.

---. Prayers and Meditations. Trans. Shoghi Effendi. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1965.

---. Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas. Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1978.

---. The Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Trans. Shoghi Effendi. 3d ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1988.

---. The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys. Trans. Marzieh Gail with A. K. Khan. 3d ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1978.

---. The Hidden Words of Baha'u'llah. Trans. Shoghi Effendi. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1939.

Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha. Baha'i World Faith. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1956.

Bettelheim, Bruno. Surviving and Other Essays. New York: Vintage Books, 1980.

Carlyle, Thomas. "Captains of Industry." Prose of the Victorian Period. Ed. William E. Buckler. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1958.

Les Cultures et le temps. Paris: Payot-UNESCO, 1975.

Danesh, Hossain. "The Violence-Free Society: A Gift for Our Children." Baha'i Studies 6 (1979).

---. Unity: The Creative Foundation of Peace. Toronto: Baha'i Studies Publications and Fitzhenry-Whiteside, Canada, 1986.

Encyclopaedia Universalis. S. v. "Toynbee", 16: 244. Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis France SA 1968, 1972.

Evan-Zohar, lecture at the State University of New York at Binghampton, January 26, 1984.

Freud, Sigmund. "A Difficulty in the Path of Psychoanalysis." The Standard Edition of Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. 17. London: The Hogarth Press, 1955.

Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Abridged and edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963.

---. Histoire du declin et de la chute de l'Empire romain. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1983.

Grand Larousse encyclopedique 10:211. [p26]

Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature. 3d ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.

Huisman, D. Dictionaire des philosophes. Vol. 2.

Malouf, Diana. "The Hidden Words of Baha'u'llah: Translation Norms Employed by Shoghi Effendi," doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Binghampton, 1988.

Matson, Floyd. The Idea of Man. New York: Delacorte Press, 1976.

Nabil-i-A'zam. The Dawn-Breakers. Trans. Shoghi Effendi. New Delhi: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1932.

Peace. Comp. Research Dept. Baha'i World Centre. Oakham, U.K.: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985.

Ruhiyyih Khanum Rabbani. The Priceless Pearl. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1969.

Sciacca, Michele-Federico (1908-1975). Les Grands courants de la pensee mondiale contemporaine. Paris: Fischbacher & Marzorati, 1958.

Shoghi Effendi. The Advent of Divine Justice. 4th. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1984.

---. Appel aux nations. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1979.

---. L'Avenement de la justice divine. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1973.

---. Baha'i Administration: Selected Messages 1922-1932. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

---. Le But d'un nouvelordre mondial. Lettre ecrite le 28 novembre 1931. Paris: Assemblee Spirituelle Nationale des Baha'is de France, 1968.

---. Call to the Nations. Chatham, U.K.: W & J. Mackay, 1977.

---. Dieu passe pres de nous. Bruxelles: Maison d'Editions Baha'ies, 1976.

---. The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1981.

---. God Passes By. Rev. ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

---. Guidance for Today and Tomorrow. Oakham, U.K.: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1973.

---. Letters from the Guardian to Australia and New Zealand, 1923-1957. Mona Vale: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Australia, 1970.

---. Messages to Canada. Toronto: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Canada, 1965.

---. Messages to the Baha'i World, 1950-1957. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1971.

---. The Unfoldment of World Civilization. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1938.

---. The World Order of Baha'u'llah. 2d ed. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1974.

---. Vers l'Apogee de la race humaine. Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1936.

Sorokin, Pitrim Aleksandrovich. Social and Cultural Dynamics: A Study of Change in Major Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics, Law and Social Relationships. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1957.

---. Crises of Our Age: The Social and Cultural Outlook. New York: Dutton, 1957.

Spengler, Oswald. The Decline of the West. New York: Knopf, 1945.

Stanovnik, Janez. "The Debit Balance of the Mistakes of Several Decades." What Kind of World are We Leaving Our Children? Paris: UNESCO, 1978. [p27]

Taherzadeh, Adib. The Revelation of Baha'u'llah: Baghdad 1853-63. Oxford: George Ronald, 1974.

Thompson, Juliet. 'Abdu'l-Baha, The Center of the Covenant. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1948.

Toury, Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Jerusalem: Academic Press, 1980.

Toynbee, Arnold. La Civilisation it l'epreuve. Trad. Renee Villoteau. Paris: Gallimard, 195l.

---. A Study of History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Toynbee, A., et D. Ikeda. Choisis la vie, un dialogue. Trad. Isabelle da Prato. Paris: Albin Michel, 1981.

[p29]

Biographical Notes

JAMESON BOND is an anthropologist and has held academic appointments at several Canadian universities. Professor Bond served as co≠chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Alberta and as director of the Boreal Institute of Northern Studies at the same university. He has also held an appointment with the Canadian Federal Government as director of social policy analysis for the Department of Regional Economic Development. He has worked extensively with the Indian and Inuit people of Canada and resided in the Canadian Arctic Islands between 1951 and 1963. In 1955 he drafted the Canadian government's statement to the International Labour Organization of policy and practice with respect to the Canadian Inuit. In 1955, while a faculty member at the University of Windsor, he conducted archeological research for the National Museum of Canada at a prehistoric site in southwestern Ontario. In 1975 he undertook a policy review of multiculturalism in Canada for the Secretary of State. He has represented the Baha'i International Community at various United Nations conferences. In more recent years, while living in New Zealand he toured extensively in the new micro-states of Polynesia and Melanesia, as well as in Southeast Asia. His research interest lies broadly in the field of social and economic development in the Pacific Basin.

ANN BOYLES received her M.A. in English (creative writing) from the University of New Brunswick in 1983 and her Ph.D. in English (modern American poetry) in 1987. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled "'A Certain Tall Element': Images and Embodiments of the Sacred in the Poetry of Robert Lowell, Robert Hayden, and William Stafford." She writes poetry, short fiction, and drama. Her one-woman play about Baha'i heroine Martha Root, "The Passing of Exquisite Music," has been widely performed; in 1989 it won the Association for Baha'i Studies award for excellence in creative writing. Dr. Boyles currently lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she teaches English at Dalhousie University.

RODRIGO CARAZO concurrently serves as president of the council and acting rector of the University for Peace, created by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1980. Mr. Carazo completed a four-year term as president of the Republic of Costa Rica in 1982. During his term, he reactivated the Treaty of San Jose, by which an Inter-American Human Rights Court was established in San Jose, Costa Rica. As a social scientist and economist, Mr. Carazo has lectured at universities in the United States and South America and has received numerous honorary degrees. He won [p30] the Progress Award in 1980 as well as the World Peace Awatd from the International Association of University Presidents for his tireless efforts as an activist for global peace and human rights.

ROGER COE has been a Baha'i since 1971. His education is in the fields of educational anthropology, cybernetics, early childhood development, and the philosophy of education. He studied for a master's degree in applied science in education, focusing on the ANISA Model. His interests include natural history epistemology, perception theory, theoretical biology, and computer science. For twelve years, he lived on a Navajo Indian Reservation in Crystal, New Mexico. He and his wife founded the Baha'i Computer and Telecommunications Association in 1979. He now resides in Russia and is currently working on a proposal for an electronic Baha'i university to facilitate distance learning about the Baha'i Faith.

HOSSAIN B. DANESH is currently director of the Marriage Therapy Centre in Toronto and a psychiatrist with over twenty-five years of clinical, academic, and administrative experience. As an associate professor of psychiatry and family medicine at the University of Ottawa from 1972 until 1985, Dr. Danesh established and directed the family therapy, thanatology (death and dying), and adolescent programmes at the Ottawa Civic Hospital and the Royal Ottawa Hospital. He is author of many books and articles including: "The Violence-Free Society: A Gift for Our Children" and "Anger and Fear." Two forthcoming books are The Integrated Self and Love and Power in Marriage. As an international speaker, Dr. Danesh has addressed audiences at numerous universities and public forums throughout North, South, and Central America, Europe, U.S.S.R., India, Malaysia, China, Australia, and Japan.

ALI-AKBAR FURUTAN has resided in Haifa at the Baha'i World Centre since 1957, having been named by his fellow Hands of the Cause of God as one of the nine custodians of the Faith after the death of Shoghi Effendi. He remained in this capacity until the election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963, continuing his services at the World Centre as Hand of the Cause and member of the International Teaching Centre to the present day. Persian by birth, as a child he accompanied his family to 'Ishqabad in southern Russia. Twelve years later he was awarded a scholarship at the University of Moscow and took his degree in 1930 in education and psychology. His gifts as a teacher and administrator soon led to his appointment as principal of the Tarbiyat School for Boys in Tehran and his election to the first National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Iran, whose secretary he was for twenty-four years. In the interests of the Baha'i [p31] Faith he has travelled to forty-three countries in every continent. His lectures and writings in Persian and English, particularly on child education, are highly valued, while his breadth of knowledge, practical wisdom, and kindly guidance have endeared him to generations of Baha'is, perhaps above all to the thousands of Baha'i pilgrims who have come to the Holy Land throughout the years.

WILLIAM S. HATCHER is professor of mathematics in the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Laval University in Quebec City. After receiving bachelor's and master's degrees from Vanderbilt University, he received his doctorate in mathematics from the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland in 1963 with a thesis in mathematical logic. He has since published numerous articles and research papers in the mathematical sciences. His most recent book on mathematics is The Logical Foundations of Mathematics (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982), and he co-authored with Douglas Martin The Baha'i Faith: The Emerging Global Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), which received mention by the Encyclopedia Brittanica as one of the year's best one-hundred books. Professor Hatcher is an active member of several scientific and professional organizations and, in 1979, was elected to serve a three-year term on the Council of the Association for Symbolic Logic.

DAVID HOFMAN became a Baha'i in 1933 at the Maxwell home in Montreal under the tutorship of May Maxwell. He served on the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Los Angeles in 1935. He returned to England in 1936, became secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly for four years, and served on that body until 1963 when he was elected to the Universal House of Justice. Mr. Hofman was a member of the Universal House of Justice until his retirement in 1988. He now lives in England and visits various Baha'i communities in other parts of the world. His publications include: The Renewal of Civilization; A Commentary on the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha; God and His Messengers (for children); A Life of George Townshend, contributions to World Order magazine; "Aims and Purposes of the Baha'i Faith," written for The Baha'i World, vol. 14 and following. Mr. Hofman founded the publishing firm of George Ronald Ltd.

DHIKRU'LLAH KHADEM (1904-1986) was the first Hand of the Cause to move to the Western Hemisphere after the passing of Shoghi Effendi. He moved to the United States of America in 1960 to become one of the champion builders of the North American Baha'i community over a period of sixty-one years of service to the Baha'i Faith. He accomplished this remarkable feat by showering the American Baha'is with love and encouragement, conveying to them in his inimitable way the spirit of the [p32] Baha'i teachings. Mr. Khadem performed countless services for the Faith-speaking and teaching internationally at conferences, conventions, Baha'i schools, and other gatherings; extensively researching Baha'i writings and Baha'i history; writing and translating numerous essays on Baha'i subjects.

DIANA MALOUF received her Ph.D. in comparative literature (English, Arabic, and Translation Studies) from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1988, after which she was awarded a Fulbright Lecturing Grant and taught at the King Fahd Advanced School of Translation, Mohamed V University, Tangier, Morocco, during 1989-90. She is currently teaching in the Department of English at Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan. Her particular area of interest in Baha'i Studies is the translations of Shoghi Effendi from Arabic into English.

JALALIYYIH QUINN grew up in Washington, DC, where her father John Hightower was a Pulitzer-Prize winning journalist. She decided to become an artist at age nine and joined the Baha'i Faith in 1963. She earned her bachelor's degree from the University without Walls and her MFA from Columbia University. From 1985 to 1990, she taught art at Currington University in Liberia. For two years she taught ESL at Shenyang University and is currently teaching art at Southwest China Teachers University in Chongqing.

SHAPOUR RASSEKH, docteur en sociologie de l'Universite de Geneve (Suisse) a ete professeur a l'Universite de Teheran de 1958 a 1978. Depuis 1979, il est consultant aupres de l'UNESCO, de l'IIPE (Institut International de Planification de l'Education [Paris]) et du BIE (Bureau International de l'Education [Geneve]). Il est auteur de nombreux articles et ouvrages dont un des derniers, publie par les editions de l'UNESCO a pour titre: Les Contenus de l'education, Perspectives mondiales d'ici a l'an 2000 (1987), traduit egalement en anglais (1988).

AUDREY FITZGERALD ROBARTS was educated in private schools in several Canadian cities, graduating from Miss Edgar and Miss Cramp's School in Montreal in 1923. She studied music for many years, spending one year in France as a piano student of Camille Decreus. Other vital interests are sports, volunteer social work, and handcrafts. She became a Baha'i in 1937 and pioneered to Africa in 1953. On returning to Canada, she accompanied her husband, Hand of the Cause John A. Robarts, on his travels to many countries and now serves the Faith in the Province of Quebec. She is mother of four children, grandmother of eight. [p33]

JOHN A. ROBARTS (1901-1991) was appointed as a Hand of the Cause of God by Shoghi Effendi in 1957. Mr. Robarts, who became a Baha'i in 1937, combined his professional life in the insurance industry with extensive travel in service of the Baha'i Faith. He and his family spent thirteen years in Bechuanaland before returning to Canada, where he had previously served six terms as chairman of the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada, 1948-53. Mr. Robarts was appointed an honorary Elder of the Tlingit Tribe of the Yukon Indians in July, 1984.

NATHAN RUTSTEIN is a college professor, producer, and writer of television documentaries. He was formerly a news editor for NBS News and ABS News. Professor Rutstein is the author of many books, including To be One, which deals with racism.

EMERIC SALA (1906-1990) was born in Hungary. After his formal education in Hungarian, German, and Rumanian schools, he worked his way to Canada in 1927 where he became a Baha'i in the Maxwell home. With his wife, he served for six years on the Canadian National Spiritual Assembly and pioneered for one year in Venezuela, fourteen years in South Africa, and then seventeen years in Mexico. In 1945, he published his first book, This Earth One Country, now out of print.

RICHARD W. THOMAS is a professor of urban affairs and history at Michigan State University. He received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Michigan State University and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. Dr. Thomas joined the faculty of Michigan State University in 1970, teaching courses in racial and ethnic studies. He was formerly an associate professor of history at Cleveland State University in 1981 and has lectured at the University of Michigan. Dr. Thomas's writing has appeared in various periodicals including Michigan History, Futurology, Minority Voices, and Summation. He wrote the article "The Black Self-Help Tradition in Michigan" for The State of Black Michigan 1986. He is the co-author of Race and Uneven Development in Detroit (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), the author of Racial Unity: An Imperative for Social Progress (Ottawa: Baha'i Studies Publications, 1990), and Life for Us Is What we Make It: Building the Black Community in Industrial Detroit, 1917-1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992). He is also co-editing a book with Roy Jones, Early Black Baha'is: The First Generation 1895-1950, to be published by the Baha'i Publishing Trust of the United States. Dr. Thomas has presented papers at gatherings such as the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in Philadelphia. He was one of two American scholars invited by the [p34] University of Warwick, Coventry, England to present papers at a January 1986 conference on the urban crisis. Dr. Thomas is co-founder of Fathers, Inc., a Detroit support group for black men and youth.

'ALI MUHAMMAD VARQA vit le jour a Teheran en 1912. C'est d''Abdu'l-Bahi qu'il recut ce nom en memoire de son grand-pere qui avait subi le martyre. A la mort de son pere Vali'u'llah Varqi en novembre 1955, Shoghi Effendi confera au fils la charge qui avait ete celle du pere et le nomma au rang de Main de la cause et de Mandataire du Huquq'u'llah. A partir de cette epoque, d'abord a la demande de Shoghi Effendi puis a celle des Mains de la cause et, enfin, a la demande de la Maison Universelle de Justice, 'Ali Muhmmad Varqa rendit de frequentes visites aux communautes baha'ies francophones et assista a la convention nationale inaugurale de la Belgique, du Luxembourg, du Congo-Brazzaville, de la Mauritanie, de la Republique Centrafricaine, de Sainte Lucie, de Saint Vincent, et de la Tchecoslovaquie. Jusqu'en 1979, le Dr Varqa enseignait a l'universite de Teheran et depuis 1979, il vit au Canada. Le Dr Varqa et son epouse Rowhanieh Mahtadi ont trois filles.

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