1. 2025-02. Epistle of the Báb to Azal: Commentary and Translation. The Báb, Mohammad Norozi, trans. . Introduction, background, and references to the Epistle by the Báb for Mírzá Yahyá, the Tawqi'a Vasyat, commonly and erroneously referred to as the "Will and Testament of the Bab," followed by a provisional translation. Translations.
2. 2025. Ne rien dire c'est approuver: Ma réaction à la lecture du livre de Christian Cannuyer « Les Bahá'ís ». Pierre Spierckel. Ma réaction au livre de C. Cannuyer, Les bahā'īs, peuple de la triple unité, qui prétend être « objectif » et de qualité universitaire et qui, de mon point de vue, n'est ni l’un ni l’autre. Reviews.
3. 2024-05-26. To the Institute for Studies in Global Prosperity. Universal House of Justice. The Bahá’í response to conflicts and related humanitarian crises in the world; encouraging Bahá’í youth to contribute to peace and unity by avoiding political involvement, focusing on moral principles, and promoting constructive social change. UHJ-letters.
4. 2024. Necessity for Prayer, The. Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'í World Centre, trans. . Extract from a Tablet of ‘Abdu'l-Bahá. Writings.
5. 2024. La Preuve éclatante. Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Pierre Spierckel, trans. . Réponse à un article agressif, donnée en exemple par ‘Abdu’l-Bahá lui-même. Books.
6. 2023. Droits et libertés individuels. Universal House of Justice, Pierre Daoust, trans. . Translation of the letter "Individual Rights and Freedoms" by the Universal House of Justice (1988 Dec. 29): a commentary about individual rights and responsibilities in the Bahá’í Faith and its relevance with the present concepts on freedom of speech. UHJ-letters.
7. 2023. Ante Litteram Critique of Orientalism, An: The Case of Abu'l-Fadá'il-i-Gulpáyigání and E.G. Browne. Mina Yazdani, Omid Ghaemmaghami. Gulpaygani’s analysis of Orientalism as presented in his book Kashfu'l-Ghitá', which focused on the Cambridge scholar E.G. Browne and how his worldview prefigured that of Edward Said; colonial power relations. Link to article (offsite). Articles.
8. 2023. Molla Nasreddin Magazine and Bahá'í Faith. Gulbeniz Babayeva Majnunqizi (published as Babayeva Majnun qizi). Mollá Nasr-al-Din, a weekly journal in Azeri Turkish published from 1906-1931, provided a platform for social and political commentary and criticized autocratic regimes; tensions between the magazine and Bahá'ís, whom it sharply criticized. Link. Articles.
9. 2021-02. Universal House of Justice, The. Universal House of Justice, Research Department, comp. Compilation about the "Universal House of Justice" from the writings of Bahá’u’lláh, 'Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi, and from the constitution and letters of the Universal House of Justice. Compilations.
10. 2021-01-21. Usage of the Word "Negro" in Writings of Shoghi Effendi. Universal House of Justice. Brief letter about the historically evolving use of racial terminology, and avoiding offense. UHJ-letters.
11. 2021. Nazif, Suleyman. Necati Alkan. Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia.
12. 2021. Legacy of Verse 42 of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, The. Gerald C. Keil. Explores the circumstances under which a reading of Verse 42 which indicates that the line of Aghsan might end prior to the establishment of the Universal House of Justice came to predominate. Includes a memorandum from the Research Department. Articles-unpublished.
13. 2021. What is Bahá'í Orientalism?. Geoffrey Nash. Postcolonial theory can help analyze religious writing; Edward Said and the concept of mutual othering; power and knowledge are linked in the production of Orientalist discourse. Link to article (offsite). Articles.
14. 2020/2023/2026. On the Degree of Infallibility of the Universal House of Justice. Wm. Keith Bookwalter. Thoughts on infallibility of the Universal House of Justice through a case study of predictions regarding the "unity of nations" and the Lesser Peace by the year 2000. Essays.
15. 2019. Science and Religion in Dynamic Interplay. Todd Smith. An approach to conceptualizing and contributing to the harmony of science and religion; some legitimate concerns many thinkers have with religion; three ways in which science and religion can complement each other. Articles.
16. 2018-05-03. 35 Common Objections to the Bahá'í Faith. Bridging Beliefs. Responses to common critiques of, doubts about, and objections to the Bahá'í Faith and against religion in general. Transcripts.
17. 2018. Toward a Framework for Action. Paul Lample. On defining and encouraging scholarship, especially as it relates to the major objectives of the Bahá'í Faith, and the role of the scholarin the Bahá'í community. Articles.
18. 2017-04-27. Social Action, Public Discourse, and Non-involvement in Political Affairs. Universal House of Justice. Alternative courses of action to civil disobedience, circumscribed roles for protest, and the freedom that Bahá’ís have to engage in social action and public discourse, particularly in relation to the principle of non-involvement in political affairs. UHJ-letters.
19. 2017. Qur'an and Violence against Non-believers, The. Ted Brownstein. An examination of two sections of The Qur'an that supposedly authorize the slaughter of innocent non-Muslims. Essays.
20. 2017. Baha'i Faith in America, by William Garlington: Review. Peter Terry. Reviews.
21. 2016/2020. Taking Care with Translation of Sacred Scripture. Edward Price. Examination of the importance of using reliable translations of the Qur’án. Includes technical discussion of the meanings of Islam, Muslim, and Allah, aspects of the Arabic language, and errors of translation. Essays.
22. 2016. A Tablet from 'Abduʼl-Bahá regarding the Twelfth Imám. Abdu'l-Bahá, Adib Masumian, trans. . On apparently-conflicting hadiths (sayings ascribed to the prophet Muhammad) regarding the Hidden Imam and the Qa'im. Translations.
23. 2015. Theses on Modernity and the Bahá'í Faith. Mikhail Sergeev. On how new religious movements respond to modernity; cycles of religion; project of modernity; culture vs. civilization; the Bahá'í extension of modernity; Bahá'í departure from modernity; separation of religion and state. Articles.
24. 2015. کتاب الفرائد (Book of The Peerless Gems). Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání. The Fará’id, Fadl's "greatest work," on a wide range of proofs and history, written in response to a critique of the Kitáb-i-Íqán by Shaykhu'l-Islam of Tiflus. Published in 1898 in Persian, with occasional Arabic citations. Retyped version, with an index. Books.
25. 2013-2017. Baha'i Reflections on the "Seal of the Prophets". Christopher Buck. Three blog entries of personal reflections: Unsealing the “Seal of the Prophets” (2013); The Seal of the Prophets: Meeting God on the Last Day (2016); Muhammad: the Last Prophet? (2017). Essays.
26. 2013-12-22. Confinement of the Membership of the Universal House of Justice to Men, The. Universal House of Justice. Affirms gender equality in the Bahá’í Faith, while upholding men's exclusive eligibility for the Universal House of Justice as divinely ordained but unexplained. UHJ-letters.
27. 2012/2020. Kasravi, Ahmad. Ali Reza Manafzadeh, et al.. Five brief excerpts that reference the Bahá'í Faith, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia.
28. 2012-12. Transnational Bahá'í Print Culture: Community Formation and Religious Authority, 1890-1921. Farzin Vejdani. Explores how Baha’is used print culture (1890–1921) for community-building, scriptural canonization, and apologetics, emphasizing leadership, transnational networks, and cultural intermediaries. (Link to article, offsite.) Articles.
29. 2012-08. Making the Invisible Visible: Introductory Books on the Bahá'í Faith. Denis MacEoin. Overview of contemporary issues in Bahá'í scholarship from an outsider's perspective, including definition of "New Religious Movement," links to Islam, and the succession of authority in light of the truncated guardianship and the lack of schisms. Reviews.
30. 2012. Authority and Centrality of the Universal House of Justice. Universal House of Justice. Issues inspired by Udo Schaefer's writings about limitations on infallibility and the House's spheres of jurisdiction. UHJ-letters.
31. 2012. Bounded Religious Communities' Management of the Challenge of New Media: Bahá'í Negotiation with the Internet. Heidi A. Campbell, Drake Fulton. An outsiders' perspective of the Bahá'í approach to fluid, open networks in the face of its bounded social structure and its system of hierarchical gatekeepers. Includes overview of the Bahá'í Internet Agency. Articles.
32. 2011-06. Bahá'í and Subud Dissent: Developments in the 2000s. Bei Dawai. Overview by a non-Bahá'í on dissident movements, ex-Bahá'ís, and contemporary ideological debates. Articles-unpublished.
33. 2011. Memoirs of Count Dolgorukov: A Summary. Moshe Sharon. Summary of pages 25-91 of the Arabic text of the "Memoirs of Count Dolgorukov," a fraudulent work. Resources.
34. 2011. Religious Contentions in Modern Iran, 1881-1941. Mina Yazdani. In 20th-century Iran, anti-Bahaism played a role in transforming Shi'i religious piety into the political ideology known as Islamism; Bahá'ís became branded as Iran's internal "other"; role of The Confessions of Dolgoruki. Link to thesis (offsite). Theses.
35. 2010/2021. Essays on Bahá'í Topics. James J. Keene. Three sample chapters from a collection of essays: Universal Currency is Now, Bahá'í Election Primer, and Proclamation 1,2,3. Essays.
36. 2009/2026. Bahá'í Hermeneutics: An Academic and Primary Source Inquiry. Peter Terry. An exploration of the practice of scriptural interpretation by contrasting the "normative" approaches of the Central Figures with contemporary scholastic approaches by Juan Cole, Christopher Buck, Dann May, Michael Sours, Jack McLean, and Sen McGlinn. Articles-unpublished.
37. 2009-01-24. Old Charges for a New Religion, Some. Susan Maneck. The background and significance of the fantastic charges made against Bahá’ís in Iran and elsewhere where Bahá’ís face severe persecution (a foreign conspiracy to destroy the unity of Islam; sexual promiscuity, etc.) in the context of other ‘heresies'. Essays.
38. 2009. Debunking the Myths: Conspiracy Theories on the Genesis and Mission of the Bahá'í Faith. Adib Masumian. Response to Iranian conspiracy theories portraying the Bahá'í Faith as a subversive political group, Zionist spies, affiliates of the secret police, British agents, etc. Available in English and Persian. Includes interview with author. Books.
39. 2009. Further Comments on a Passage of the Lawh-i-Hikmat. Amin E. Egea. A study of Pre-Islamic sources on the relation of Greek Philosophers and Jewish sages. Articles.
40. 2009. Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb, by Nader Saiedi: Review. Jack McLean. Review of the book, expanded into an essay on the Bab's ethics, laws, and use of symbolism. Reviews.
41. 2009. Responding to Criticism and Opposition on the Internet. Bahá'í Internet Agency. Bahá’ís welcome constructive examination of their Faith. While they should not engage in exchanges that are divisive or contentious, Bahá’ís will not hesitate to respond, in a spirit of courtesy and fairness, to serious misrepresentations of their Faith. Essays.
42. 2008. Resurrection and Return of Jesus. Universal House of Justice. The body of Christ; the burial of Christ; His return; and explaining the Bahá'í view to Christians. UHJ-letters.
43. 2008. Study of the Bahá'í Faith, Comment on Issues Related to the. Universal House of Justice. A follow-up to the "Issues Related to the Study of the Bahá'í Faith" letter. UHJ-letters.
44. 2008. Challenging Apostasy: Responses to Moojan Momen's 'Marginality and Apostasy in the Bahá'í Community'. Michael Stausberg, Denis MacEoin, Sen McGlinn. Six letters to the editor published in the issue following Momen's article. Articles.
45. 2008. Nuqtat al-Káf. Kavian Sadeghzade Milani. Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia.
46. 2008. Church and State in the Bahá'í Faith: An Epistemic Approach. Roshan Danesh. On the public role of Bahá'í institutions; review of current secondary literature; temporal legitimacy vs. divine sovereignty; interaction of religion and politics; maturation and unity; an open vision of church and state. Articles.
47. 2008. Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Bab (contents and index only). Nader Saiedi. A lengthy, detailed examination of the context, chronology, and content of the writings of the Báb. (Link to document, offsite; only the contents and index are on this site, for keyword searching.) Excerpts.
48. 2007. Letters Written on Behalf of the Guardian. Universal House of Justice, Universal House of Justice, Research Department, comp. . Three questions: Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi; Status of Research Department Memoranda; Bahá'í Writings Based in Fact? Includes clarification on the authenticity of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's published talks. UHJ-letters.
49. 2007. Making the Crooked Straight. Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, Ulrich Gollmer. Two pages on a prophecy concerning the advent of Man Yuzhiruhu'llah. Excerpts.
50. 2007. Daniel's Prophecies. Universal House of Justice. Regarding the fulfilment of the Biblical prophecy of Daniel concerning 1,335 days, and modifications made to Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era. UHJ-letters.
51. 2007. Bahá'í Covenant, The. Alí Nakhjavání. The continuing importance of the Bahá'í concept of the Covenant and its implications to an understanding of Bahá'í history; misconceptions about the covenant; covenant-breakers; the passing of Shoghi Effendi without writing a will or testament. Articles.
52. 2007. Beyond the "Seal of the Prophets": Bahá'u'lláh's Book of Certitude. Christopher Buck. The Bábí background of the Iqán, the nature of interpretation and exegesis, and the place of Muhammad. Articles.
53. 2007. Messianic Concealment and Theophanic Disclosure. Moojan Momen. The argument about exactly when Bahá'u'lláh became aware of his mission. Relevant issues and rival perspectives.  Articles.
54. 2007. Marginality and Apostasy in the Bahá'í Community. Moojan Momen. Study of a particular type of articulate and well-educated ex-Bahá'ís, here termed "marginal" and "apostates," who first appeared in the West about 25 years ago and reached the peak of their activity in the last decade. Articles.
55. 2007. "Memoirs of Dolgorukov" and "The Protocols of the Elders Of Zion". Moshe Sharon. Comparison of two fraudulent anti-religion works: "Elders of Zion" is one of the most notorious anti-Semitic books, long used by opponents of Judaism; "Memoirs" are the supposed anti-Bábí political confessions of the Russian Amb. Dimitri Dolgorukov. Articles-unpublished.
56. 2006. Dialogue on Infallibility: A response to Udo Schaefer's 'Infallible Institutions?'. Peter Terry. An extended review of the themes first published in Schaefer's Making the Crooked Straight, presented in the form of a dialogue. Part of this paper was delivered at the Association for Bahá’í Studies conference in 2006. Articles-unpublished.
57. 2006. Global Citizenship and Humanities Scholarship: Toward a Twenty-First Century Agenda. Michael Karlberg, Cheshmak Farhoumand-Sims. In this age of global interdependence, the critique of anachronistic social constructs is necessary but insufficient. Scholars must articulate new approaches to globalization. The international Bahá'í community illustrates a constructive, humane approach. Articles.
58. 2006. Baha'is as a Mystic Community, by Moojan Momen, The: Response. Jack McLean. The meanings of mysticism in the writings of Bahá'u'lláh and Shoghi Effendi. Reviews.
59. 2005-08-12. Bahá'í Community and the Life of the Mind, The. Douglas Martin. Audio.
60. 2005. Church and State: Book 1 of a Postmodern Political Theology for the Bahá'í Community. Sen McGlinn. Religion and politics in Islamic history; Islamic and Bahá'í views on theocracy and democracy; the theology of the State and the unfoldment of world civilization; relevant contemporary Bahá'í literature in English, French, and German. Books.
61. 2005. Dissidents and the Bahá'í Faith. Jack McLean. Author's personal experiences with "disgruntled" ex-Bahá'ís and critics online in the 1990s. Essays.
62. 2005. Seeking for Truth: Plausibility Alignment on a Bahá'í Email List. David Piff, Margit Warburg. Dynamics of participation on the Talisman listserver in 1995, and how it provided an interactive process for seeking truth. Articles.
63. 2004-2014. Powerpoints for Deepening. Duane Troxel. 26 presentations in Powerpoint format, on a variety of topics covering Bahá'í history, Central Figures, teachings, and relationship with Islam. Presentations.
64. 2004-09-06. Self-Defense, the Ungodly, Infallibility, and Sexual Violence and Abuse. Universal House of Justice. Answers to a number of questions, with extracts from four letters of the House, on self-defense, the ungodly, infallibility, sexual violence, and abuse. UHJ-letters.
65. 2004-09. Will and Testament: Translation and Commentary. The Báb, Sepehr Manuchehri, trans. . Examination of four available manuscripts, dates of issue, variations, exclusions, verse numbering followed by a running commentary on its tone, message and implications for the future of the Bábí movement. Study.
66. 2004-05-28. Tablet of the Báb Lawh-i-Vasaya, "Will and Testament"; Titles of Mírzá Yahyá. Universal House of Justice. Two questions: on the Tablet of the Bab "Lawh-i-Vasaya: The Will and Testament"; the nature of the appointment and titles of Mírzá Yahyá. Includes two attachments: Tablet of the Bab Lawh-i-Vasaya and excerpt from Making the Crooked Straight. UHJ-letters.
67. 2004-01-20. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Seena Fazel. Reviews.
68. 2004. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Seena Fazel. Reviews.
69. 2004. Conspiracies and Forgeries: The Attack upon the Bahá'í Community in Iran. Moojan Momen. Early attacks on the Bahá'í community in Iran were made mostly on the basis of religious accusations, but in the 20th century, non-religious accusations based on widely held and often fantastical conspiracy theories have become more prevalent. Articles.
70. 2003-08. Did Prophecy Fail? The Lesser Peace and the Year 2000. Jack McLean. Prior to the 2010s, there was widespread belief in the Bahá'í community that the Lesser Peace would be established by the year 2000, following some catastrophic event. Yet the Scriptures do not make this claim. Prophecy is interpreted in retrospect. Articles-unpublished.
71. 2003-06. Difficult Case, A: Beyer's Categories and the Bahá'í Faith. Sen McGlinn. Beyer considers that a religious movement which seeks to have religious norms enshrined in legislation has adopted the 'conservative option' in response to globalisation. Is this a useful categorisation for a global stage? Articles.
72. 2003. Intimate Diversity: The Presentation of Multiculturalism and Multiracialism in a High-Boundary Religious Movement. Kathleen Jenkins. On the construction and maintenance of multiracial/ethnic networks in religious movements, through a comparative analysis of International Churches of Christ, The People's Temple, and the U.S. Bahá'í community. Articles.
73. 2003. Aristotelian Substratum of the Bahá'í Writings, The. Ian Kluge. There is a pervasive and far-reaching congruence of Aristotle and the Bahá’í Writings. This Aristotelian substratum makes it is possible to resolve many apparent paradoxes in the Writings. Articles.
74. 2003. Styles of piety: Notes on the relationship between Bahá'í scholars and the Bahá'í institutions with reference to academic methodology. Todd Lawson. On the role of the scholar in the community, the phenomenon of the internet, and the institution of the Covenant, as seen in the light of the intellectual heritage of the Islamic world. Articles.
75. 2003. Come Now Let Us Reason Together. Hushidar Motlagh. Response to the objections raised by a pastor against the Faith; obstacles that prevent Christians from recognizing the return of the Son in the glory of the Father. Link to book (offsite). Books.
76. 2002-05-28. Apparent Contradictions in the Bahá'í Writings, Reconciliation of. Universal House of Justice. On apparent contradictions, regarding Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl on Abraham and Zoroaster; 'Abdu'l-Bahá and a Baby Naming Ceremony; Minimum Age of Marriage; Smoking and Firmness in the Covenant; Corporal Punishment; Táhirih as "Woman Suffragette." UHJ-letters.
77. 2002 spring. Recognition and Identity: The case of the Baha'i Faith. Cetin Onder. Bahá'í Faith seen in a Hegelian model. Articles.
78. 2002. Tablet to Hájí Mírzá Kamálu'd-Dín (Lawh-i-Hájí Mírzá Kamalu'd-Dín): Excerpt. Bahá'u'lláh, Iskandar Hai, trans. . Brief comments by Bahá'u'lláh on the Isaac/Ishmael controversy. Translations.
79. 2002. Arabic Grammar of the Báb, The. William F. McCants. Muslim detractors of the Bab have often criticized his grammar. Did the Bab make grammatical errors due to a poor knowledge of the language, or did he intentionally coin a new grammar? Articles-unpublished.
80. 2002. Use of the Masculine Gender in the Bahá'í Writings, The: Extracts from Letters Written By and on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice. Universal House of Justice, Research Department, comp. Extracts from letters from the House of Justice from 1981-1999 on general principles in relation to this subject and the Bahá'í perspective on it. Compilations.
81. 2001-11. Religions of the World: Divisive or Divine?: A Look at Religious Fundamentalism. Moojan Momen. What 'fundamentalism' means from the religious viewpoint; sociological and psychological explanations of it; why it is that it has come to the fore at the present time. Articles-unpublished.
82. 2001-09-02. Reason and the Bahá'í Writings: The Use and Misuse of Logic and Persuasion. Ian Kluge. How to study the Bahá'í Writings through the use of logic. Articles-unpublished.
83. 2001-09. Apologetics: A Personal Vision. Ian Kluge. Argument for the need for and practice of academic defense of the Bahá'í Faith. Essays.
84. 2001-06. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Denis MacEoin. Reviews.
85. 2001-04-18. Takfir, declaration of unbelief: includes excerpts from Risáliy-i-Siyasiyyih. Universal House of Justice. Questions from an individual about the Muslim practice of takfir, declaring someone an unbeliever, whether this is practiced in the Bahá'í Faith, and questions related to "church and state", followed by the House's response. UHJ-letters.
86. 2001. Making the Crooked Straight, review by Denis MacEoin: Responses. Anthony Lee, Kavian Sadeghzade Milani, Udo Schaefer. Responses by Tony Lee, Kavian Milani, and Udo Schaefer to Denis MacEoin's review of Making the Crooked Straight by Udo Schaefer et al. Reviews.
87. 2001. Bahá'í Apologetics?. Udo Schaefer. Apologetics is a branch of systematic theology rather than religious studies. It can help explore the teachings of the Faith in the context of prevailing philosophies and standards in a secular society, and answer critical inquiries. Essays.
88. 2001. Refutation of Francesco Ficicchia and the Dangers of Silence, The. Jack McLean. Examination of the prejudice caused to the reputation of the Faith in academic and ecclesiastical circles in German-speaking Europe following the publication of an anti-Bahá'í book. Articles-unpublished.
89. 2000/2005. Making the Crooked Straight: Foreword, and letter to World Order. Jack McLean. Foreword to the published book, followed by a letter to the editor for World Order regarding their issue devoted to Francesco Ficicchia and Bahá'í apologetics. Essays.
90. 2000-07-18. "Democratization" and the Bahá'í Administrative Order. Universal House of Justice. Letter regarding democracy, "Bahá'í democratization," theocracy, authority, and the Bahá’í Administrative Order. UHJ-letters.
91. 2000-06. Modernity and the Millennium, by Juan Cole: Review. Merlin Swartz. Reviews.
92. 2000-02-02. Servants in the Households of Baha'u'llah and the Bab. Universal House of Justice, Research Department. Whether or not the servants of the Bab and Bahá'u'lláh were slaves, and a list of relevant sources for further research. UHJ-letters.
93. 2000 November. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Iain S. Palin. Reviews.
94. 2000. Modernity and the Millennium, a response by Amin Banani: Response to review. Juan Cole. Reviews.
95. 2000. Modernity and the Millennium, by Juan Cole: Review. Barbara D. Metcalf. Reviews.
96. 2000. Results of Talisman Attitudes Survey. Eric Hadley-Ives. Detailed analysis of the beliefs and community interactions of participants in the listserver Talisman2 (circa 1999). Articles-unpublished.
97. 2000. Chronological Issues in the Lawh-i-Hikmat of Bahá'u'lláh, Some. Peter Terry. An attempt to discover the antecedents of Bahá’u’lláh's distinctive chronology of ancient associations between Greek philosophers and Judean kings. Do Bahá’í historians have to critically re-examine the accepted Western accounts? Articles.
98. 2000. Study of the Meaning of the Word "Al-Amr" in the Qur'án and in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh, A. Moojan Momen. Examines two controversies about the Arabic-Persian term "al-amr"/"amr" regarding Quranic prophecy and the status of Subh-e Azal. Articles.
99. 2000. Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baha'i Apologetics [excerpt]. Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, Ulrich Gollmer, Geraldine Schuckelt, trans. . Front- and back-matter of the book only: Contents, Preface, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliography, Index. Books.
100. 2000. Fact and Fiction: Interrelationships between History and Imagination. Bahíyyih Nakhjavání. On the tension between "fact" and "fiction," between objective history and our relative and subjective stories, between art as the representation of reality and faith based on the Word of God. We inherited a responsibility to resolve this tension. Articles.
101. 1999-12. Truth Triumphs: A Bahá'í Response to Misrepresentations of the Bahá'í Teachings and Bahá'í History. Peter Terry. Rebuttal of Francis Beckwith's thesis "Bahá'í, A Christian response to Bahá'ísm, the religion which aims toward one world government and one common faith." Articles-unpublished.
102. 1999 Autumn. Theology of the State from the Bahá'í Teachings, A. Sen McGlinn. Western religions exhibit three types of divine societies: eschatological (the Kingdom of God on Earth); metaphysical (angels or the Hidden Imam interact with the world); and ecclesiological (the church as the body of Christ, or the Islamic community). Articles.
103. 1999. Modernity and the Millennium, by Juan Cole: Review. Sen McGlinn. Reviews.
104. 1999. Bahá'í Faith in America as Panopticon 1963-1997, by Juan Cole: Review. Ian Kluge. Reviews.
105. 1999. Bahá'í Faith in America as Panopticon 1963-1997, by Juan Cole: The Myth of the Objective Observer. Peter Terry. Reviews.
106. 1999. Freemasonry, Bahá'ísm, and British Tudehis. Ali Akbar Dareini, trans. Overview of Bahá'í activities during the period of Mohammad Reza Shah, from the hostile perspective of Hossein Fardoust, deputy head of SAVAK. Histories.
107. 1999. Modernity and the Millennium, by Juan Cole. Denis MacEoin. Reviews.
108. 1999. Concealment and Revelation in Bahá'u'lláh's Book of the River. Nader Saiedi. Analysis and provisional translation of Sahífiy-i-Shattíyyih (Book of the River); on Bahá'u'lláh's experience in the Síyáh-Chál and whether he considered himself a Manifestation of God prior to his Ridván declaration. Articles.
109. 1999. Knowledge and the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh: Invited Commentary. Ian C. Semple. On the apparent contradiction between following infallible divine guidance while pursuing an unfettered search after truth, and the culture of academic writing. Articles.
110. 1999. Modernity and Millennium, by Juan Cole: Some Reflections. Amin Banani. Reviews.
111. 1999. Teaching Christians More Effectively: Handbook and Seminar. David F. Young. Bahá'í views of Christianity; questions Christians might ask; interpretation of the Bible; theology of miracles, baptism, sin, Armageddon, and heaven and hell; social issues. Presentations.
112. 1998-12-30. Primary Source Texts, Access to. Universal House of Justice, Susan Maneck. One scholar's query why the Bahá'í World Centre's copies of primary sources in Bábí and Bahá'í history are not available for study, followed by the House's response. UHJ-letters.
113. 1998-08. Nuqtat al-Kaf and the Babi Chronicle Traditions. Juan Cole. History of the writing of this early Bábí historical text, and some recent interpretations of its history. Articles-unpublished.
114. 1998-05. Study of the Bahá'í Faith, Issues Related to the. Universal House of Justice. Compilation of guidance from the Universal House of Justice on Bahá’í scholarship, emphasizing responsible study, the review process, academic freedom, institutional trust, and preservation of unity. Compilations.
115. 1998. Brilliant Proof, The. Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání. Two editions of a work of apologetics by an eminent Bahá'í scholar, first published in 1912 and reprinted 1998. Books.
116. 1998. Bahá'ísm: A Warning. Peter Easton. This anti-Bahá'í essay from 1911 was the inspiration for the classic Bahá'í text Brilliant Proof. It has no value other than as a historical document. Histories.
117. 1998. Bahá'í Studies Bulletin: Index by volume. Robert Stauffer, comp. List of articles in all issues of Bahai Studies Bulletin, 1982-1992. Bibliographies.
118. 1998. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Christian Cannuyer, Greg Massiah, trans. . Reviews.
119. 1998. Faith and World Economy: A Joint Venture, a Bahá'í Perspective, by Giuseppe Robiati: Review. Sen McGlinn. Reviews.
120. 1998. Unknown Hour, The. David Friedman. Christians believe the Bible does not specify the time of Christ's return, but the Bahá'í teachings are that an exact year, 1844, is indicated in the Bible for the time of the Second Coming. Essays.
121. 1998. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Heshmat Moayyad. A commentary for Bahá’ís examining the balance of critical thought with loyalty to Bahá’í institutions. Reviews.
122. 1998. Bahá'í-Christian Dialogue: Some Key Issues Considered, by Francis Beckwith: A Bahá'í Response. David Friedman. Lengthy theological apologia. Reviews.
123. 1998. Modernity and the Millennium: The Genesis of the Bahá'í Faith in the Nineteenth-century Middle East [introduction only]. Juan Cole. Introduction and first 4 pages of Chapter One. Excerpts.
124. 1997/1998. Tablet of the Maiden: Commentary on its translation. Universal House of Justice. Two letters on the mystical/symbolic content of "Tablet of the Maiden," with comments on the translation by Juan Cole. UHJ-letters.
125. 1997-10. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Manfred Hutter. Reviews.
126. 1997-09-21. Academic Methodologies. Universal House of Justice, Susan Maneck. Two letters to the House on the relationship between "materialistic methodologies" and "doctrinal heresy" in the academic fields, followed by the House's detailed response. UHJ-letters.
127. 1997-06-03. Challenging the Authority of the Universal House of Justice. Universal House of Justice. Does the Universal House of Justice have the authority to make authoritative interpretations? Does anyone has the right to challenge the authority or actions of the Universal House of Justice? UHJ-letters.
128. 1997-04-08. Attacks on the Faith. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. Response to two recent "attacks": dissidence and graffiti. NSA-letters.
129. 1997 March-April. Farrakhan, Cabala, Bahá'í, and 19, by Martin Gardner: Response. William P. Collins. Context of Bahá'í numerology. Reviews.
130. 1997. Review of secondary literature in English on recent persecutions of Bahá'ís in Iran. Nazila Ghanea-Hercock. Issues of misinformation, perceived favoritism under the Shah's regime, charges of espionage, and theological conflicts with Islam as motives for the persecution of Bahá'ís. Articles.
131. 1997. Revelation, Interpretation, and Elucidation in the Baha'i Writings. Robert Stockman. The complexities of the Bahá'í concepts of revelation, interpretation, infallibility, and elucidation Articles.
132. 1997. Proof Based on Establishment (Dalíl-i-taqrír) and the Proof Based on Verses (Hujjiyyat-i-ayát), The: An Introduction to the Bahá'í-Muslim Polemics. Kavian Sadeghzade Milani, Leila Rassekh Milani. Study of Bahá'í apologetics based largely on the work of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl. Articles.
133. 1997. Reforming the Marja` at-Taqlid: The Baha'i Example. Linda Walbridge. Shi'i leadership paradigms and the marja` at-taqlid, "clerical exemplar" or "religious guide." Articles-unpublished.
134. 1997. Comparison of the concepts of Prophet and Messenger in Islam and Manifestation in the Baha'i Faith. Richard Ater. Analytical overview of the theology of prophethood in both religions. Articles-unpublished.
135. 1997. Critical Examination of 20th-Century Baha'i Literature, A. Vance Salisbury. Exploration by a non-Bahá'í writer of the claim, first made by E. G. Browne, that some Bahá'í authors at the time had distorted historical texts. Includes tables of changes made in different editions of four popular Bahá'í books. Articles-unpublished.
136. 1997. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Christian Cannuyer. Reviews.
137. 1997. Making the Crooked Straight, by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review. Christian Cannuyer. Reviews.
138. 1996-07-02. Dissidence and Criticism by Bahá'ís and Scholars. Universal House of Justice. Response to a latter about the content and tone of some online discussions in email listservers in the mid-1990s. UHJ-letters.
139. 1996-06-27. Monogamy, Sexual Equality, Marital Equality, and the Supreme Tribunal. Universal House of Justice. Questions about monogamy, the Supreme Tribunal, and the Bahá'í concept of equality of the sexes in light of some Bahá'í laws and history which appear to undermine it UHJ-letters.
140. 1996-06-02. Prophecy of Daniel; Modifications of Baha'u'llah and the New Era. Universal House of Justice. Regarding the fulfilment of the Biblical prophecy of Daniel concerning 1,335 days, and modifications made to Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era. UHJ-letters.
141. 1996. Good Tree, The: Distinguishing the Bahá'í Faith From Destructive Cults. Stephen Vaccaro. Examination of some fundamental characteristics of a cult, to determine whether or not the Bahá'í Faith can be so defined. Articles-unpublished.
142. 1996. Notes on the Zuhuru'l-Haqq series. John Walbridge. Brief overview of this historical work. Includes letter from the World Centre explaining that no official translation is forthcoming. Essays.
143. 1996. Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963-1986: Third Epoch of the Formative Age. Universal House of Justice, Geoffrey W. Marks, comp. . Books.
144. 1996. Criticism: Extracts from letters written on behalf of the Guardian to individual believers. Shoghi Effendi, Universal House of Justice, Research Department, comp. . Compilations.
145. 1996. Election and Infallibility of the Universal House of Justice. Universal House of Justice. Answers to three questions: Why were steps taken to elect a Universal House of Justice with the foreknowledge that there would be no Guardian? Was the time ripe for such an action? Could not the International Bahá'í Council have carried on the work? UHJ-documents.
146. 1996. Feminism, Men and the Bahá'í Faith. Morgan Wilson. Separate reflections on feminism and on men and the Bahá'í Faith. The challenges faced by each are acknowledged and the need for a balance between the two asserted. Articles.
147. 1996. Dolgorukov Memoirs. Moojan Momen. Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia.
148. 1995-10-23. Wives of Baha'u'llah. Universal House of Justice. Information on Bahá'u'lláh's three wives, and a background to the Bahá'í teaching that people should be monogamous in the modern age. UHJ-letters.
149. 1995-05-19. Internet Discussions, Character of. Universal House of Justice. Internet courtesy, discipline, and the need for Bahá'ís online to be a "spiritual leaven." UHJ-letters.
150. 1995-05-18. Administrative Order, Suggestions about changes in. Universal House of Justice. Ways in which Bahá'ís may make suggestions for change within the Bahá'í administration, and the nature of internet discussions. UHJ-letters.
151. 1995-04-27. Theocracy and Separation of Church and State. Universal House of Justice. On theocracy in relation to the Bahá'í model of government, and issues relating to the development of the Bahá’í Administrative Order. UHJ-letters.
152. 1995-02-24. Internet Forums, Development and Monitoring of. International Teaching Centre. Guidance for Counsellors regarding participation in and monitoring of bulletin boards, chat rooms, and email lists. UHJ-letters.
153. 1995. Bahá'í Review: Should the 'red flag' law be repealed?. Barney Leith. Argument that the current provisions for review may be anachronistic and that the benefits of deregulation might outweigh possible disadvantages. Includes responses by Roxanne Lalonde and Sepideh Taheri. Articles.
154. 1995. Bahá'í Faith and Buddhism Dialogue. Bruce Burrill, Juan Cole, Moojan Momen, Dann J. May. Eleven email postings from Bruce Burrill, Juan Cole, Moojan Momen, and Dann May, from the listserver Talisman 1. Essays.
155. 1995. Tablet of Wisdom Questions and Answers. Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'í World Centre, trans. . Authorized translation of unpublished Tablet of 'Abdu'l-Bahá to Ethel Rosenberg in 1906 in reply to her questions about historical statements in the Lawh-i-Hikmat. Translations.
156. 1994-11-06. Church and State in the World Order of Baha'u'llah. Sen McGlinn. The concept of theocracy as it applies to the Bahá'í model of government. Articles-unpublished.
157. 1994-08-01. How Individuals Can Improve Their Understanding of the Bahá'í Teachings. Universal House of Justice. On the inability of the finite human mind to fully grasp the import of the Teachings, and how individuals can improve their understandings, even while steeped in a climate of thinking which influences and biases their reading of scientific evidence. UHJ-letters.
158. 1994. In praise of Individuation. Sen McGlinn. On the critique of western society. Includes commentary by Roshan Danesh and Gordon Dicks. Articles.
159. 1994. Prophecies of Jesus, by Michael Sours: Commentary and Responses. Michael W. Sours, Christopher Buck. Editorial statement about the nature of Bahá'í scholarship and academic debate, followed by responses from each of the authors. Reviews.
160. 1994. His New Name: A Biblical Examination of the Claims of Bahá'u'lláh. Stephen D. Dighton. Summary of Bahá'í concepts, including quotes from both the Bible and the Bahá'í Writings, answering the most common concerns of Christians about Bahá'u'lláh's claims; also functions as a course syllabus and outline. Study.
161. 1993. Still Lives. Denis MacEoin. The nature of private lives and biography in Middle Eastern culture, with brief discussion of Rushdie's Satanic Verses and the lives of Tahirih and Shoghi Effendi. Articles.
162. 1993. Bahá'í Scholarship: Readings. Seena Fazel, comp. Compilations-personal.
163. 1993. Scholarship, Bahá'í. Shoghi Effendi, Universal House of Justice, Peter J. Khan, comp. . Compilations-personal.
164. 1992-2010. soc.religion.bahai: Complete Archives. Bahá'í Computer and Communications Association, comp. Links various formats of an 18-year archive of the first moderated Bahá'í newsgroup. Bibliographies.
165. 1992-10-15. Station of Bahá'u'lláh and the Significance of His Revelation, The. Universal House of Justice. As the soul is a mystery that the human mind cannot unravel, even more ineffable is the nature of the Manifestations of God, the relationships between them, and their relationship to God. UHJ-letters.
166. 1992-09-24. Dates in Baha'u'llah and the New Era: A response to Francis Beckwith. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. Response to certain allegations Beckwith makes in his booklet Bahá'í. NSA-letters.
167. 1992. Commentary on the Azhar's Statement regarding Bahá'ís and Bahá'ísm. Mohsen Enayat. Response to an official 1986 pronouncement on the Faith by this prominent Egyptian university. Articles.
168. 1992. Interpretive Principles in the Bahá'í Writings, Some. Khazeh Fananapazir, Seena Fazel, Sen McGlinn. Aspects of hermeneutics and authorized interpretation. Articles.
169. 1992. Challenges to Bahá'í Studies. Udo Schaefer. Discussion of the intellectual presentation of the Bahá'í Faith, and of the related topics of review, apologetics, and contemporary political contexts. Articles.
170. 1992. The Prophecies of Jesus, by Michael Sours: Review. Christopher Buck. Reviews.
171. 1992. Covenant of Baha'u'llah, The. Adib Taherzadeh. Link to book (offsite). Books.
172. 1991-03. Spiritual Health of American Community. Universal House of Justice. Publication of a letter addressing an individual's concerns for the spiritual health of the American Bahá’í community, and suggestions for personal action. (Letter dated Dec. 24 1990, published March 1991.) UHJ-letters.
173. 1991. Opposition. Bahá'u'lláh, Abdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi, Universal House of Justice, Research Department, comp. . Compilations.
174. 1991. "'The Objectivity Question' and Bahá'í Studies: A Reply to MacEoin" and "A Few Words in Response to Cole's 'Reply to MacEoin'". Juan Cole, Denis MacEoin. Two responses to MacEoin's article "Crisis in Bábí and Bahá'í Studies." Essays.
175. 1990/1995/2007. World Order, Evolution Towards: Notes on recent secondary literature, compilation, and two memoranda from the Bahá'í World Centre. Universal House of Justice, Steve Cooney, comp. . Two letters, "Request for Materials about the World Order of Bahá'u'lláh" and "World Government and the Universal House of Justice," and compilation "Extracts from Letters Written by and on Behalf of the House of Justice on Evolution Towards World Order." Articles.
176. 1990-11-06. Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era Regarding the Explanation of Daniel 12:12: Beckwith's Allegations. Universal House of Justice. Responses to allegations Francis Beckwith makes in his booklet "Bahá'í" about changes to this book. UHJ-letters.
177. 1990-11-06. Unity of Religions in This Century, Jews and the Crucifixion, and the Sacrifice of Ishmael, The. Universal House of Justice. UHJ-letters.
178. 1990-01. Tahirih and Women's Suffrage. Universal House of Justice. Two letters on Táhirih's association with women's suffrage, and the authenticity of the words "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women". UHJ-letters.
179. 1990. Crisis in Babi and Bahá'í Studies, The: Part of a Wider Crisis in Academic Freedom?. Denis MacEoin. Response to Cole's review of MacEoin's "Hierarchy, Authority, and Eschatology in Early Bábí Thought" with comments on "outsider" scholarship versus faith-based approaches. Articles.
180. 1989 Winter/Spring . Bahá'í-Christian Dialogue: Some Key Issues Considered. Francis Beckwith. An antagonistic and polemical overview of the Bahá'í Faith by a Christian. Articles.
181. 1989. Divisions and Authority Claims in Babism (1850-1866). Denis MacEoin. Factors leading to the division of Babism into the Azalís and the Bahá'ís, and the question of succession and the claims of Mírzá Yahyá, Dayyán, and Bahá'u'lláh. Articles.
182. 1989. Balágí, Muhammad Jawád (anti-Bahá'í activist). Etan Kohlberg. Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia.
183. 1988-12-29. Individual Rights and Freedoms. Universal House of Justice. An important and often-quoted letter about rights and freedom of expression in the Bahá'í community, as contrasted with those in American civil society. UHJ-documents.
184. 1988-05-31. Women on the Universal House of Justice. Universal House of Justice. Response to a paper presented at a Bahá'í Studies conference which raised the possibility that women could one day be eligible for membership on the Universal House of Justice. UHJ-letters.
185. 1988. Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'u'lláh, Abdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi, Universal House of Justice, Helen Bassett Hornby, comp. . The classic Bahá'í reference book. This is its first online edition. Compilations-personal.
186. 1986-10-27. Places Where the Manifestations of God Have Appeared; Equality of Men and Women. Universal House of Justice. The consistent portrayal of all known Manifestations of God as male and their historical emergence exclusively in the East; the equality of men and women; on soul mates. UHJ-letters.
187. 1986. When the Saints Come Marching In: The Art of Bahá'í Biography. Sidney Edward Morrison, Frank Lewis. Comments on hagiography, including reviews of nine popular Bahá'í biographies. Includes response "In Praise of Saints" by Frank Lewis (from dialogue 1:3). Biographies.
188. 1986. Fourth Candle, The: The Unity of Religion and Interfaith Dialogue. Christopher Buck. What does "Unity in Religion" mean, and how does it apply for Bahá'ís' interactions with other religious communities? An essay inspired by Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet "Seven Candles of Unity," utopia, Hans Kung, and the Lesser Peace. Essays.
189. 1986. Bahá'í Fundamentalism and the Academic Study of the Babi Movement. Denis MacEoin. A response to Afnan and Hatcher's "Western Islamic Scholarship and Bahá'í Origins," on the issues of faith-based approaches to religious history and textual criticism. Articles.
190. 1986. Note on Maceoin's 'Bahá'í Fundamentalism' and 'Afnán, Hatcher and an old bone'. Muhammad Afnan, William S. Hatcher, Denis MacEoin. Two shorter follow-up essays, offering closing thoughts on a previously-published debate about issues of historical accuracy, academic neutrality, and faith-based scholarship. Essays.
191. 1986. Concept of Spirituality, The. William S. Hatcher. Widely-read ABS monograph, re-published in the Bahá'í World. Includes chapters "The Nature of Man," "Process of Spiritual Growth," and "Collective Dimension of Spirituality." Articles.
192. 1985. Western Islamic Scholarship and Bahá'í Origins. Muhammad Afnan, William S. Hatcher. A critique of articles by Denis MacEoin, and a defense of Bahá'í interpretations of history vis-à-vis academic criticism. Articles.
193. 1983-08. Bahá'ísm - Its Origins and Role: A Rebuttal. Bahá'í International Community. The complete Iranian document "Bahaism — its origins and its role" together with BIC commentary on that document. BIC.
194. 1983. Response to MacEoin's "Problems of Scholarship" and "A Critique of Moojan Momen's Response," A. Moojan Momen, Denis MacEoin. A discussion touching on many topics, including scientific objectivity in the study of religion, faith vs reason, liberalism, academic standards, and the nature of sects vs "world religion." Articles.
195. 1982-11-30. Statement in Rebuttal of Accusations Made against the Bahá'í Faith by the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations. Bahá'í International Community. In a document distributed to the UN, "Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran," Iran made a number of false and damaging statements concerning the Bahá'í Faith. The BIC wishes to refute these false statements and to present the true facts. BIC.
196. 1982. Dr. MacEoin's "Problems of Scholarship...": Some Thoughts. Stephen Lambden. The nature of faith-based approaches to studying religion, authoritarianism, supernatural vs. human knowledge, Bahá'í "review", and examination of some sources. Articles.
197. 1981. Ahmad Kasravi and the "Purification" of Persian: A Study in Nationalist Motivation. Amin Banani. Political theory of a modernist Iranian reformer, also known for his criticisms of the Bahá'í Faith. Contains no mention of the Faith. (Offsite.) Articles.
198. 1981. Miracles and Metaphors. Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Juan Cole, trans. . Collection of essays on metaphysical topics and Bahá'í answers to old religious controversies: are the Scriptures to be taken literally? Do miracles occur? What is an angel? Are the stories of the Old Testament to be believed? Books.
199. 1979 Spring. Problems of Chronology in Baha'u'llah's Tablet of Wisdom. Juan Cole. On the biographical section of the Lawh-i-Hikmat and its background in Islamic models. Articles.
200. 1978-12. Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings, The by William Miller: "Missionary as Historian: William Miller and the Bahá'í Faith". Douglas Martin. Lengthy review of Miller's book, and a broad discussion of anti-Bahá'í polemic and historiography. Articles.
201. 1977. Muhammad and the Course of Islam, by H.M. Balyuzi: Review. L. P. Elwell-Sutton. Reviews.
202. 1976. Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings, The, by William Miller: Review. L. P. Elwell-Sutton. Reviews.
203. 1974-2013. Discussions between MacEoin, Cole, Hatcher, Afnan, Lambden, Momen, et al.: index and links. Denis MacEoin, Juan Cole, Moojan Momen, Various. Table of contents and links for a variety of published scholarly debates within Bahá'í studies, 1974-2013. Resources.
204. 1974. Historical Analysis of Critical Transformations in the Evolution of the Bahá'í World Faith, An. Vernon Elvin Johnson. Detailed study of major changes in the Faith's history, opposition to such changes, and their resulting tensions and resolutions. Theses.
205. 1972. Edward Granville Browne and the Bahá'í Faith, by H.M. Balyuzi: Review. L. P. Elwell-Sutton. Reviews.
206. 1970. Bahá'ísm and Its Claims: A Study of the Religion Promulgated by Baha Ullah and Abdul Baha. Samuel Graham Wilson. A hostile and uninformed Christian missionary's overview of the Bahá'í Faith from 1915; included here for historical interest. Books.
207. 1957-04-10. Bahá'í: A Second Look. Marcus Bach. A positive assessment of the Bahá'í faith by an outsider. Essays.
208. 1956. Chaos of Cults, The: A Study in Present-Day Isms. Jan Karel van Baalen. Fourteen-page chapter on the Faith from a critical yet somewhat sympathetic Christian perspective ("Bahá'ísm has some very fine points..."). Excerpts.
209. 1946-06-07. Letter to Dr J. W. Freudenberg, Auckland, New Zealand. Shoghi Effendi. Letter on behalf of Shoghi Effendi about philosophy, body, mind, soul, evolution, and about not taking many of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's statements as dogmatic finalities. Guardian.
210. 1945-01-31. God Passes By, by Shoghi Effendi: Review. Author unknown. Brief review by a non-Bahá'í journal, written shortly after the publication of God Passes By. Reviews.
211. 1941-05. Bahá'í Cause Today, The: Review. Marzieh Gail. Critiques William McElwee Miller’s 1940 article on the Bahá’í Faith, highlighting inaccuracies, biases, and misinterpretations while defending Bahá’í teachings, leadership, and global unity principles. Reviews.
212. 1940-10. Bahá'í Cause Today, The. William McElwee Miller. A Christian missionary's outsider perspective on the history of the Bábí and Bahá'í faiths, teachings, literature, teachings, and prophecies. Essays.
213. 1935-01. Baha'i Pontiff in the Making, A. A. E. Suthers. A polemical article, published in what was originally a missionary-oriented journal, which is useful in that includes a fairly extended glimpse of Shoghi Effendi through the eyes of a non-Bahá'í contemporary observer. Articles.
214. 1919. Geschichte und Wahrheitsbeweise der Bahai-Religion (History and Evidence of Truth of the Bahá'í Faith). Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Wilhelm Herrigel, trans. . Eine Einführung in die Bahai-Religion, die sich besonders an die Leserschaft aus westlichen Ländern richtet und die in klarem. Diese fünf waren ursprünglich als umfassenden Einführung in alle Religionen gedacht, das er nicht mehr fertig. Books.
215. 1918. In re. Bahá'í Temple Unity (Alleged German Religious Propaganda): Alfred S. Lunt, Case #304495. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Seven pages of FBI files investigating Alfred S. Lunt and Mirian Sevasly and possible Bahá'í opposition to the war. Documents.
216. 1918. Alleged Pro-German activities: Edward C. Getsinger, Case #317323. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Forty pages of FBI files investigating Edward C. Getsinger and possible Bahá'í opposition to the war, or alleged pro-German sentiment. Includes Edward and Lua Getsinger's passport applications. Documents.
217. 1916-11. Precursor, the Prophet, and the Pope, The: Contributions to the History of the Bahá'í Movement (Conclusion). Robert P. Richardson. Part 2 of a critique of Bahá'í practice and thought from a (somewhat hostile) Christian perspective. Articles.
218. 1916-10. Precursor, the Prophet, and the Pope, The: Contributions to the History of the Bahá'í Movement (part 1). Robert P. Richardson. A critical overview of Bábí history, contemporary American Bahá'í issues and disagreements (e.g. Kheiralla), and Bahá'í objections to the author's previous writings. Not yet proofread. Articles.
219. 1916-01. Bahá'ísm and Its Claims, by S. G. Wilson: Review. C. M. Buchanan. Short review of an early anti-Bahá'í book by a Christian missionary. Reviews.
220. 1916. Mahdist Movements. Samuel Graham Wilson. An unsympathetic Christian missionary's early history of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths. Excerpt from longer book. Articles.
221. 1916. Modern Movements among Moslems. Samuel Graham Wilson. A Christian missionary's overview of contemporary Islam, including the Bábís. Books.
222. 1915-10. Behaism: In Reply to the Attack of Robert P. Richardson. Ibrahim George Kheiralla. A defense of the Bahá'í Faith, with reference to fulfilled prophecy. Followed by the journal's short response to Bahá'í requests not to include advertisements for Kheiralla's book (which one is not named, could be O Christians). Not yet proofread. Essays.
223. 1915-10. Bahá'ísm and Its Claims and Modern Movements among Mohammedans, by S. G. Wilson: Reviews. Orvis Fairlee Jordan. Short reviews of two early anti-Bahá'í books by a Christian missionary. Reviews.
224. 1915-08. Persian Rival to Jesus, and His American Disciples, The. Robert P. Richardson. History and teachings of the Bábi and Bahá'í religions and contemporary American disagreements, from an unsympathetic outsider's perspective. Followed by three letters-to-the-editor from three subsequent issues. Articles.
225. 1915-01. Bahá'ísm: An Anti-Christian System. Samuel Graham Wilson. A Christian missionary's perspective on the Bahá'í Faith's claim to supersede Christianity. Articles.
226. 1915. Glänzender Beweis (The Brilliant Proof). Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Friedrich Schweizer, trans. . Sein letztes Werk und eine Antwort auf die Angriffe eines evangelikalen britischen Predigers gegen die Person und Lehren Abdu'l-Bahas. Hier behandelt Abu’l-Faḍl einen Vorwurf, mit dem alle Religionen konfrontiert waren: der fehlenden Innovation. Books.
227. 1912-06-24. Interview Between a Prominent Rabbi and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Abdu'l-Bahá. Interview in New York, c. April 1912, emphasizing true religion and prophetic influence over tradition, imitation, and doctrinal distractions across major faiths. Pilgrims.
228. 1905. The Bahá'í Revelation. Arthur Pillsbury Dodge, Paul Carus, ed. . Article, with photographs, correcting and expanding on some of Open Court's previous articles on the Faith. Introduced by Paul Carus with a brief essay, "The Behaist Movement." Articles.
229. 1904-06/07. New Religion, Babism, A. Paul Carus. Overview of early Bahá'í history, the Faith in Chicago, a review of Myron Phelps' book Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi (1903), and a review of Ibrahim Kheiralla's book Beha Ullah (1900). Articles.
230. 1898-09. Followers of Beha in Persia, The. Charles H. Stileman. A follow-up to the author's 1893 article "A Week with the Babis," and some discussion of Christian thought. Excerpts.
231. 1894-07. Across Asia on a Bicycle: Through Persia to Samarkand. Thomas Gaskell Allen, William Lewis Sachtleben. A travelogue through Tabreez, with a short but somewhat hostile history of the Bab. Excerpts.

1. 1898-00-02 — The first anti-Bahá'í polemical tracts were published by Christian missionaries in Iran. [SBB111:69]
2. 1905-00-00 —
   A.L.M. Nicolas published his book Seyyed Ali dit le Bab. It was the first work by a western author dedicated entirely to the Báb, His movement and His teachings. (Conflict: See 1865)
   • English translation A Prophet of Modern Times by Peter Terry.

     It is "(a) history of the Bábí movement up to 1852. Nicolas gives a list of sources for this book on pp. 48-53. It is interesting to note that among his oral sources are four of the leading Bahá'ís of that period, who had been designated by Bahá'u'lláh as 'Hands of the Cause': Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad, 'Ibn-i-Asdaq: Mullá 'Al-Akbar-i-Sháhmírzádí, Hají Akhund; Mírzá Muhammad-Táqíy-i-Abharí, 'Ibn-i-Abhar; and Mírzá Hasan-i-Adíb. The other two oral sources named are Siyyid 'Ismu'lláh, who was presumably Siyyid Mihdíy-i-Dihají, and Mírzá Yahyá, Subh-i-Azál." [BBR38-39]

   • The preamble to his book has an image that is supposedly of the Báb, but the portrait does not seem to be an authentic representation.

   • William Miller also reproduced Nicolas's image on page 17 of his polemical work, The Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings. (South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1974). ['The Bab in the World of Images', Bahá'í Studies Review, vol. 19, June 2013, 171–90.]
   • See also WOB83 for other missionaries who wrote polemics against the Bahá'í Faith.
3. 1910-00-00 —
   The publication of Fifty-Three Years in Syria by Reverend H. H. Jessup. (Apologies: this link does not have the same text as found on SBBR1p78) [Collins10.818]
   • This same Reverend Jessup who delivered the address to the World Parliament of Religions in 1894 in Chicago seemed to have revised his opinion about the Faith. Perhaps this was due to the dis-information being spread by the Covenant-breakers after the passing of Bahá'u'lláh.
   • He also published Babism and the Babites in "The Missionary Review of the World", Princeton, NJ Oct 1902 p771-775 and The Babites in "The Outlook", London, 22 June 1901 p451-456. [Collins11.574, 11.575]
   • See also WOB83 for other missionaries who wrote polemics against the Bahá'í Faith.
4. 1911-09-21 — During 'Abdu'l-Bahá's first visit to Britain, he was invited into churches and welcomed warmly by many Christian clergymen. This outraged more conservative Christian ministers, and an attack on the Bahá'í Faith and its Central Figures was published in the journal Evangelical Christendom by Peter Z Easton. When the article, Bahá'ísm: A Warning, was shown to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, who was at that time in Beirut, he immediately penned a reply and sent a copy to À'Abdu'l-Bahá who received the manuscript in New York on June 19, 1912. He had it translated and printed, and called it The Brilliant Proof.
   "Each one of you should have a copy. Read, memorize and reflect upon it. Then, when accusations and criticisms are advanced . . . you will be well armed."[The Brilliant Proof]

   The Brilliant Proof was first translated by Ali Kuli Khan and published by the Bahá'í News Service in Chicago in 1912 in which it said: "Written in response to published attacks on the Bahá'í Religion by the British clergyman Peter Z Easton" (1846-1915). [Collins7.15 p41]

   Peter Easton (1846-1915) was a Presbyterian in the Synod of the Northeast in New York who had been stationed in Tabriz from 1873 to 1880. While 'Abdul'Bahá was in England Easton attempted to meet and challenge him. He made those around him uncomfortable and 'Abdu'l-Bahá withdrew him to a private conversation and then after which he left. Later he was able to have printed a polemic attack on the religion, Bahaism — A Warning, in the Evangelical Christendom newspaper of London (Sept.-Oct. 1911 edition.) It was published in the Appendix of The Brilliant Proof (p70-80) [Bahaipedia]

   For more on Peter Easton see 'Abdu'l-Bahá (p149-152).

   Lady Blomfield in her book The Chosen Highway (p183) described such a visit and the affect it had on 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

5. 1911-10-15 —
   In the morning 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave a talk at His apartment at #4 Avenue de Camoens. During the talk Muhammad Qazvíní and Siyyid Hasan Taqízádih entered the room. The former had written an introduction for and was the force behind the publication of Kitáb-i-Nuqtatu'l-Káf, a book that supposedly was an early history of the Faith but in reality was heavily biased to the the views of Mírzá Yahya. 'Abdu'l-Bahá had had Mírzá Abdu'l-Fadl write a refutation to the book. Both men had additional dinner engagements with 'Abdu'l-Bahá during His visit. ['Abdu'l-Bahá's Meetings with Two Prominent Iranians, World Order, Fall 1998 Vol 30, no 1 pp35-46, ABF71-76]
   • In the afternoon all were invited to meet Him at #22 rue Ledru- Rollin pré-Saint-Germais-sur-Seine outside the walls of Paris. The purpose was to visit a project run by Mons. V. Ponsonaille and his wife to provide some comfort to the poor children in an underprividged quarter of the city. For an account of this event see Glimpses of Abdul'Bahá in Paris by Alice Beede.[ABF76-79; SYH45]
     • See A Glimpse of 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris by Alice R. Beede. [SoW Vol 2 No 18 February 7, 1912 p6]
6. 1912-00-00 —
   The publication of The Brilliant Proof by Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáygání in Chicago by the Bahai News Service, 1912. The first edition notes state that it was written December 28, 1911, in Syria, "by the pen of Mirza Abul Fazl Gulpaygan."
   • 239D93 says this book was written by Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl in answer to a London minister's criticism of the Cause.
   • The publication of this book marked the end of an early era of Bahá'í teaching in the West. As 'Abdu'l-Bahá continued his journeys in the United States and Canada, He delivered hundreds of public talks and private addresses which were tailored to Western audiences. The fresh outpouring of teachings which resulted from these encounters produced a new Bahá'í literature of the words of 'Abdu'l-Bahá in the West. Examples include the following: The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by `Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912, compiled by Howard MacNutt, (Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1922-25); Paris Talks: Addresses Given by `Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912 (London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1912); 'Abdu'l-Bahá in London.
7. 1915-09-01 —
   The publication of The Persian Rival to Jesus, And His American Disciples by Robert P. Richardson. This 24-page "history" concludes by saying, "And Bahaism is simply a sectarian religion; it is a reversion to modes of thought that the ideals of civilization have long ago outgrown."
   • See also WOB83 for other missionaries who wrote polemics against the Bahá'í Faith.
8. 1931-00-00 —
   The publication of Bahá'ism: Its Origins, History and Teachings by Reverend William McElwee Miller, a Presbyterian missionary working in Mashhad, Iran. He wrote the "All impartial observers of Bahá'ism in Persia are agreed that here in the land of its birth this religion...is now steadily losing ground...It is only a matter of time until this strange movement...shall be known only to students of history." [MCSp766]
   • In 1923 he visited Shoghi Effendi in Haifa. [SETPE1p62]
   • See 1974 when he published the updated version of his polemic entitled The Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings.
9. 1934-00-06 — In Egypt, a certain learned Shaykh el Kharashi attacked the Faith in a series of articles under the heading, "The Bahá'í Faith Is a Pleasing Illusion". 'Abdu'l-Jalíl Bey Sa'ad refuted his arguments with a series of fourteen articles under the heading "The Bahá'í Faith Is an Everlasting Truth". Having failed to counter 'Abdu'l-Jalíl's arguments the Shaykh and his associates appealed to the authorities to stop his articles on the grounds that they were anti-Muhammadan. The matter was raised to the Minister and then to Parliament where both parties were asked to stop publication. 'Abdu'l-Jalíl was transferred to a remote part of the country where, it was hoped that he would not be able to resume his activities. [BW9p598]
10. 1942-00-00 —
    The publication in Iran of The Political Confessions or Memoirs of Prince Dolgoruki (or, simply, Dolgorukov's Memoirs). The book contends that the Bábí Faith was simply an element in a plot to destabilize Iran and Islam. [22 February, 2009 Iran Press Watch]
    • See Religious Contentions in Modern Iran, 1881-1941 by Dr Mina Yazdani where she posits that "The process of Othering the Bahá'ís had at least three components; 1) religious, carried on by the traditionalist theologians; 2) institutional and formal, sanctioned by the state; and 3) political, the result of a joint and gradual process in which Azalīs, former Bahá'ís and reformist theologians all played a role. This process reached its culmination with the widespread publication of The Confessions of Dolgoruki which resulted in a fundamental paradigm shift in the anti-Bahá'í discourse. With the widespread impression of Bahá'ís as spies of foreign powers, what up to that point constituted a sporadic theme in some anti-Bahá'í polemics now became the dominant narrative of them all, including those authored by traditionalist clerics. Consequently, as Iran entered the 1940s, the process that would transform Islamic piety to political ideology was well under way."
    • In its preface, Dolgorukov's Memoirs purported to be a translation of the memoirs of Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Dolgorukov (Russian Minister in Iran from 1845-54), first published in the official organ of the Soviet Communist Party. According to the book, whose Russian "original" has never been found, Prince Dolgorukov had travelled to Iran during the 1830s, entered the ranks of the 'ulama, and instigated the Bábí-Bahá'í uprising. The book totally contradicted the well-documented life of Prince Dolgorukov, and made obvious chronological and historical mistakes in its allegations about the lives of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh. Nevertheless, it was reprinted many times, and created a master narrative that others subsequently deployed. With its political tone, the book, on the one hand, heralded the ascendancy of politics over religion in the mindset of Iran's Shi'a clergy, and on the other, demonstrated the vast popularity that conspiracy theories enjoyed in Iran. [Iran Press Watch 1407] iiiii
11. 1943-00-00 — Fereidoon Adamiyyat, one of the most influential and widely acknowledged Iranian historians of the 20th century, argued in his Book, Amir Kabir and Iran, considered perhaps the most influential scholarly work of history published prior to the Islamic Revolution, that British intelligence officers were behind a plot which led to the creation of the Bábí Faith. He falsely claimed that Arthur Conolly, a British intelligence officer who was executed in Bukhara in 1842, had in his Journey to the North of India through Russia, Persia and Afghanistan admitted that Mulla Husayn Bushrui, the first follower of the Báb, was an agent working for him. Adamiyyat further concluded that without the aid of foreign powers such a religious sect could not have survived for so long, thus giving further credence to the conspiracy theories of his time and culture. Although He subsequently came to accept that Conolley had never made such a claim and removed the allegations in later editions of his book, the influence of his initial claim proved to be lasting among Iranians.

    Note:Amir Kabir was the 19th century Iranian Qajar minister who ordered the execution of many members of the early Bahá'í movement. [Iran Press Watch 1407]

12. 1964-11-05 —
    Followers of Charles Mason Remey filed suit in the United States District Court for Northern Illinois against the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, claiming they were the rightful owners of all Bahá'í properties and funds in the United States. [BW14:95]
    • The National Spiritual Assembly of the United States filed a counter-claim asking the court to restrain the Covenant-breakers from using Bahá'í names and symbols protected by trademark. [BW14:95]
13. 1966-06-01 — The counter-claim of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States against the followers of Charles Mason Remey restraining them from using Bahá'í names and symbols, was upheld when the Covenant-breakers failed to appear at the trial. [BW14:95]
14. 1971-00-00 —
    In Germany, Hermann Zimmer resurrected the claims of Ruth White in a small book published in 1971 (English translation in 1973), A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Bahá'í Religion into Political Shogism.
    • In Switzerland, Francesco Ficicchia wrote a comprehensive attack aimed mainly at the Bahá'í administration,
    • Der Bah'ismus Weltreligion der Zunkunft? (Evangelische Zentralstelle für Weltanschauungsfragen, Quell Verlag, Stuttgart, 1981).
      • See The Refutation of Francesco Ficicchia and the Dangers of Silence by Jack McLean.
    • Both of these works were financed and distributed by Evangelical Protestant organizations in Germany. [The Covenant and Covenant-breaker by Moojan Momen]
15. 1974-00-00 —
    The publication of The Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings by Reverend William McElwee Miller. This book was an update of his 1931 publication Bahá'ism: Its Origin, History and Teachings. Forty-three years earlier he had predicted that the Bahá'í Faith would soon only be known to students of history. Now he revised his assessment to say, "Whoever peruses the thousands of pages of the thirteen large volumes of The Bahá'í World will be impressed by the fact that the Bahá'í Faith is indeed a world faith." [MCSp766]
    • See The Cyprus Exiles p102 by Moojan Momen for information on how Miller got a great deal of material for his book.
    • See "Missionary as Historian: William Miller and the Bahá'í Faith" by Douglas Martin published in Bahá'í Studies, volume 4.
    • In 1940 William McElwee Miller published and article titled "The Bahá'í Cause Today" in The Moslem World (Vol XXX October 1940 page 389). The periodical was described as being "A Christian quarterly review of current events, literature and thought among Mohammedans." Marzieh Gail published a rebuttal in World Order Vol 7 Issue 2 May 1941 p46-63.
16. 1981-01-01 —
    The publication of Der Bahā'ismus, Weltreligion der Zukunft?: Geschichte, Lehre und Organisation in Kritischer Anfrage (Bahá'ism-Religion of the Future? History, Doctrine and Organization: A Critical Inquiry) by Francesco Ficicchia under the auspices of the Central Office of the Protestant Church for Questions of Ideology in Germany. This book was distributed by the Protestant Church and became the most widespread book on the Bahá'í Faith in German, and as such was widely accepted as a critical academic publication. At the time of its distribution a decision was taken to not dignify the publication with a rebuttal. This proved to be an error. Making the Crooked Straight was published in 1995 in German and translated/published by George Ronald Publishers in 2000. The purpose of the book, as the name suggests, was to address the distorted views presented in Ficicchia's publication. [MCSintroduction]
    • See The Refutation of Francesco Ficicchia and the Dangers of Silence by Jack McLean.
17. 1986-01-21 —
    The Islamic Research Academy at the Azhar University in Cairo published in a number of newspapers a lengthy opinion about the Bahá'í Faith in advance of the court cases of Bahá'ís due to be heard in February. [BW19:286]
    • "The essence of the statement is that the condemnation of the Bahá'ís should not be only based on charges of the Bahá'ís resuming activities and holding meetings, but rather on their beliefs. Consequently all Bahá'ís should be incriminated and not only those who allegedly have disobeyed a particular law." [Ref Enayat below]
    • For a refutation of this statement by the Bahá'í International Community, see BW19:288–96 and "Far Stretching River".
    • Also see Commentary on the Azhar's Statement regarding Bahá'ís and Bahá'ísm by Moshen Enayat.
      • "It (the commentary) was sent to the main daily Egyptian newspapers, all of which had published the Azhar statement under large headlines. It was also sent to some suitable senior officials, such as the Minister of Information and the Speaker of Parliament. To our knowledge no newspaper has published it. "
      • "The accusations listed in the statement are mostly repetitions of previous allegations, except for its inference that the unanimous opposition of Muslims to the Bahá'í Faith is a proof of its error; an assertion implicitly invoking the tradition attributed to the Prophet Muhammad that the unanimity of the Muslim nation cannot be infallible. The importance of the statement consisted in its attempt to make the condemnation of the Bahá'í Faith a doctrinal assertion, and as a consequence, tremendous pressure was exerted by some religious deputies on the speaker of the Egyptian parliament to pass a bill which stipulated that conversion to the Bahá'í Faith was an act of apostasy punishable by death."
18. 1988-12-29 — The Universal House of Justice issued a letter to the Bahá'ís in the United States published as Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Bahá'u'lláh. [Mess86-01p60]
19. 1995-00-00 —
    The publication of Desinformation als Methode by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh and Ulrich Gollmer. This book was written in response to a pseudo-academic monograph on the Bahá'í Faith by an embittered ex-Bahá'í, Francesco Ficicchia, claiming to be the standard work on the Faith and published in Germany under church auspices. For over 15 years the accusations raised in Ficicchia's book largely shaped public and academic perception of the Bahá'í Faith in German-speaking Europe, damaging its reputation with a picture of an authoritarian cadre-dominated cult with totalitarian, fascist goals.
    • was translated from the German to English by Dr Geraldine Schuckelt and published in 2000 under the title Making the Crooked Straight; A Contribution to Bahá'í Apologetics and is available from George Ronald Publishers.
      • In 2002 Denis MacEoin published a review.
      • See Journal of Bahá'í Studies Vol 10 No 3-4 for a review by Peter Terry.
20. 2003-09-00 — The publication of History of Bahá'ísm in Iran by Abdullah Shahbazi, the then head of the Political Studies and Research Institute, part of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. In his book he advanced the theory of the alliance between Bahá'ísm and Zionism. [Iran Press Watch 1407]
21. 2004-00-00 — The publication of the paper Conspiracies and Forgeries: The Attack upon the Bahá'í Community in Iran by Moojan Momen.
22. 2009-00-00 —
    The publication of Debunking the Myths: Conspiracy Theories on the Genesis and Mission of the Bahá'í Faith by Adib Ma'sumian. It was written in response to Iranian conspiracy theories portraying the Bahá'í Faith as a subversive political group, Zionist spies, affiliates of the secret police, British agents, etc. PDFs of the publication are available in English and Persian. Included as well is an interview with author.
    • A hardcopy of the book can be purchased from Lulu.
23. 2025-12-31 — The publication of Handbook of Qurʾānic Hermeneutics Volume 6; Qurʾānic Hermeneutics by Non-Muslims, edited by Georges Tamer. It was published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, Berlin/Boston.

    Todd Lawson and Necati Alkan contributed a chapter titled The Qur'ãn in Bahai Writings..

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